





ԣգΣΣţ̡


ڡˡʮ塡ڡ




1998.11.2 sd9811a
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йṹת͵нǱΣϣ

йսоṹתͿ

֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡
й½һԵʼݵ־ּڴƵ
ǰ½Ϣѹơӭκֶνзҵƺʹ
Ըṩţַǣģ
磮ǽÿڵ־Щַ־ʲô
ͽ飬ҲַͬʱϣͶƼģ
磮־ĵַܱ仯֡

  ֡лзҵƺʹ

עΪ˽Լǲıʽñ༭кĶ
֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡



йṹת͵нǱΣϣ

йսоṹתͿ


һ

1.1˵нڣָδʮꡣΪȻʱ־תġ
֮ͽδʮ굱Сһʷʱ̣ͬʱҲ
йشʷתۣӳʱ˵ʮͣϰ
͵Ķ͸°͵̽;͸ĸǳ滯ʱ
һ滯ʱ¶ԣĸŴαƳٵЩ
ֵ⣬ʮҵʱڱԣг׵һϵ
ƶȰҪʱοʼ衣˵δʮ꣬
ҪʷзǳؼһΡйڶʮһ͵Ļ
лδں̶ܴϽȡƺ
ܶݵʷʱе˼ѡΪԵľ֮
ԼʮʱйὫԵһЩܲԶӰ⣬
ṹݱĻԼйĳԶ̵Ӱ졣

1.2ʹԤƫãԤĽΪԵЦ
1997Ӣѧҡ־һƪ£Ŀǡйδ
----ΪʲôȨۼǶйȥԤô⣿ʵϣ
һЩУڹڻǹ⣬йԤ⣬Щ
ֹģЩǱġЩоԤⱨ淢һʱ
йй켣֤ʵԤྶͥһǣ
ЩԤԽǾ壬ʵľҲԽԶԭ򣬳ԤⱾ
֮⣬һΪҪԭԤڹȥ20ʱй
лһЩ΢Ҫı仯ȱУȱ
е¶ƽֱߵƶϡ

Ĳص㲢Ƕδʮйᷢչṹݱ
Ԥ⡣оĿͼͨԽ20йи
ݱ䡢ڴ˱һϵб仯ԼӰ
ƵıķйṹݱһЩԼ
֮йнڿܻԵһЩҪ⣬ԴΪ
һйṹݱĸܣӶΪΪоԤ
춨һ

1.3ķ˼·ߵһ裺ΪжߵԼ
ɵĸӰƵҪǽ
ĹɿṹҪ˵һǣṹһѧ
㷺ʹõĸͬʱҲһõĸڱУ
һضںṹָһи֮
γɵȶĹϵͨǵĳоĿǰй
Ǵһʷ׶κͻʱ֮£һ
֮£йϷһЩʲôı仯Щ
Щ˥䣬Щ֮ĹϵģһЩʲô
ӰйĻƣЩı仯˺ͳͻ
ĿΣڹȥʮʱйлƷһЩ
ʲôı仯Щ仯йĻƻʲôӰ죻һЩҪ
ʲôƣرӰЩƵıЩ
Ҫʷʱ̣ڽṹƶȺ֯Ĳʵйʷؽ
ЩУΪҪϣԼһʲô
ƶȹ֯

1.4Ӧһ±ʹõһЩۿܡ
Ϊҡ侫ӢṹеĽṹӡ
ṹγɵĽΪȶĻϵṹĻ֮һ
˵ĹҲһϵңָһڴͳĹ
УǸǿǹҵġԡҿĳЩ漯Ż
˵Ĵˣҵľߣͳν׼־ı
ЩһЩҪоǾԵʵ壬ŶĿ
жߡ侫Ӣָ(˵Ǵڹһ֮)
ڹ쵼ϡ֯Эٲõõ
ǹԱͨϰգһ֧ǱڷʽҪ
õйṹݱķҪ֮
ĹϵΪ


ǰ뱳

2.1()

2.2()

2.3()

2.449½һᣬһֽṹ̶ֻȺܵ͵
ᡣУ ҶԾԼԴʵȫ¢ϣ Ρ
úʶ̬ĸ߶ص Ȩʵȫơ
Ҫ: һ ҶԴ󲿷Դֱ¢ϡ
Դָϣ Ҳеסϣ ճƷ
Ӧ ԼҵȻԴҲ˵ ҲΪϵ¢ߣ 
Ҳϵķߣ Ȩߡڶνṹĺ
̶ֻȺܵͣ ġġʶ̬ĸ߶صʶ̬
ԵģǸ߶ʶ̬ģǸ߶λģ
Ƕȿͳν׼ȥġң侫Ӣڡ
ṹΪңڡĶṹӢλòٴڣֱ
ڡһ˵Ҳһͳν׼Ĺҡ

2.5ṹʾһϵᶯԱǿ
ȫԵ֯ϵͳԱȫԴԴﵽĳһ
Ŀ꣬رǾý衢ĿӦΣ ȱмײã 
ֱڣмȱٻ壻 ȫڹҿƵȣ 
ҿܵʱ һԷ κ
֯ м֯ ϵͳƣ ȫλ
 ĸϵͳȱ ֧䲻ͬϵͳ
ͬһԭ ЧӦ κξֲԵìܻ״̬̺ȫ
Σ ʢУ ʽתΪָ ṹӲ 
ʶ̬ͬʱеϺ͹Ե˫عܣڹҪì
ԣ һֻЧӦ ھӢȱ ڿ˶ˮƽͣ 
ǿȴ ٣ ȱ¶ϵĹͨ ڵȱٱ
Ҫ֯ʽ ߲нϴľ룬 ȱٿɴԡ֮
һ߶һ廯ȫһ
ᡣƣȻڽ1949ǰйԵν
鲢ΪΣӦڵģΪ
ݵ͹ҵȻеֱ׶Ҳɴ˶Ļ
ʱѾߵԼľͷ

2.6һձĿΪйƸĸĻĻ
ڹ񾭼õ˱ıԵ˵ΪĸĺϷԽ֤ĳɷԶ
Զڿ͹۵ķ˵ʹĻڣйĹ񾭼Ҳ
ûеıԵǣԭеѾʧȥ˼άȥ
ͻڣΪԭάĴ۵ĿɴԵĸ
ʱѾڡǣԴ½Ϊ
ĿľúƸĸ﷢ˡƸĸҪĺ壬ϡȱ
ԴáھƸĸĹУԭԹ¢ϼȫ
ԴԴΪԴӵжԪȡһеĽǣ
ԴĳΪймڿʼ³֡˵
м㣬ָ֮ᾫӢҹĿǰ£
ӢҪֹɡһӪҵҽײ㣬ĳ˵Ҳ
ֹӪҵңرǽϴ̶ʵµľƵҵеĹߡ
֪ʶӼţرǸҵеרҡγ˶ľԽԽ
ĵطӢšһ־ӢȻԱϲ
Ҫо侫ӢĿǰԣҪص
еطẬ壬ΪطĴ

2.7ṹݱʷ֮⣬мıҲ
ڷṹݱʱյġǸĸı׶Ρһ
ԣĸ徭ʴתͺؽ׶Ρƻ
ƹҵĸĸ̣رǾйĸĸ̶ԣ׶δ±Ϊ
ʶ̬ĿԼµ¶ϵľֲԸĸ׶δԳ֮Ϊ
ʴ׶ΣȷгȡĸĸĿ꣬Դģߺͷƽг
ƽ裬׶οԱ֮Ϊתͽ׶Σؽ׶Σȫ
ؽҪǽṹؽƶؽ֯ؽйĸʴ
׶ʼũľƸĸȻƽһЩҪĸĸʴ
ǾɵľƣĳЩƺ֯ʽƶȣ߽
׶ΡʱڵĸĸǾֲԵġһЩ̺µصķʽ
Ҫõ򡣹ɵнתͽ׶Ρϵĵ
˫ơ׶һֱڡĿǰԣתͽ׶δ
תͽ׶εؽ׶εת䣬δʮСʱ
ҪľƶȽƶȴ¡

2.8Σתؽ׶мҪ̵Ľ֯նȹҵ
гƵתͣڷֱɹҵͳл̵ǰ½еġ
Щгת̣Ͷܼ;
ܼ;ùɣӡᡱггն
ĸĸҲֵ⣬йԵȣǱȽϼ򵥵ġ
й£ǽͬĹ̽֯һ⼸ǣӼ
гת͵Ḷ́ҵеͶܼ;õܼ;
Ḷִ́еũ˿תƵḶ́ɱչ
г͹Ĺ̡⼸̵Ľ֯ʹδйԼΪ
ӵľ档ΪʷϿ⼸ִĲͬ׶ηֱ
ͽġ

2.9ٴΣйƵı仯ڹȥʮĸ￪ŹУ
ƷһϵеҪ仯ڷֻȨص£
˶йҪӰľֲ̡йɹȥ
߶ͳһͼСԼǿᣬתΪоֲԡƬ
ᡣֱ仯Ƕ෽ġӸֱӵ˵
ΣͽƵı仯һ棬ѽӣͬݻ׶
Ƭ޹ؽ֯һһ棬ĵҲ
󣬾ֲΣݱΪȫΣĿҲС


飺в׼᣿

3.1ڹȥʮڸĸУһ裬й
һв׼ᡣĳǻµɣһһ
˽ϳֵĹҵҾгȡᣬв׼
ΪġڶĸйᷢչĳЩʵ˽Ӫҵķչ
ײȵȣƺҲԤʾһṹĳ֡Ȼ
ζһв׼ĳ

3.2ԴƱǨΪµɡĸǰҶϡ
ȱԴ¢ϣԴҲռ䣬Ǵ
Իľĳ򡣶ʮĸһҪǡ
Դ롰ɻռ䡱ĳ֡֡Դ͡ɻ
ռ䡱ĻϣµܵԷ70ĩ80
徭ÿʼҹ֡ڹٷԲΪ֪ࡱ
ȡȨ֮ƣҲΪޣʵϱ־µᾭ
ʼγɡ8080ڣ˽ӪýѸٷչʱڣ
Ժйع涨롰֡͡ѧͽʵĬ˽˹͹Ĵڣ
ܶӦĹ涨˽˹͹ζһµľùϵγɡ
1988Ժ䲼˽Ӫҵй涨˽ӪѾγ൱Ĺ
ģ80ĩڵ90ڣ˽Ӫóʱή
ԵСƽѲʼľͻԵķչºУ
ȥԱ֪ʶٴ̡ѧֱ̣׳Ӫ
ʹӪҵҵʷԵı仯ͬʱšʡ
ҵķչܲŵĹɷҵ࣬רŵĹԱײ
׳󡣾ڸĸеñȽϳ׵Ĺҵ侭ӪԱ
ǰΪҹԱҵҲѾԵЩµľķ
岢ԭеĵһµĳɷ֣Ҫǣ
˾µжߡ֮ڡ˭֯еľ
һϷ˸ı仯ʵṹı䶯

3.3Զľ֮⣬Ӧע⵽֪ʶԵǿ
;ǿȡĵطԱȺĶԵŹҶԿѧо
ѧֱӸԤļ٣Լ˼ŵƽ֪ʶӵĶ
ԵǿĿǰ֪ʶУһоԱѾ൱
ٻ߲ȫҵĿоѡԵĻ͹ҵṩ
ѾΪ侭ԴҪҪɲ֡ʹǶԹҵ
ᡣ¼ҵķչԼҵпƼߣʹü
רҵ˺ܴӡͲƶȸĸĽУطȥ
ĹҴɶʵĴ߱ʵ塣
ƶȱ֮£طԱʼиĵطȡһЩط
ȾƸĸ֮ǰֱӽ뾭ûһط·Ϊһ
ļŹ˾Ķ»ᡣ

3.4µм֮Ŀǰйṹ
ĹϵһмҵĹϵһм֮ͨĹϵ
мҵĹϵĿǰмײеĺܴһ֣ر
мײЩԱȨģǰԱ
ӵйԱļͥǳܹٳĻѬգȨľһֽϴ
׺мײγں̶ܴԴȨǮĳЩм
ײԱĳЩԱ֮ŽϺûصĸ˹ϵֻ
һ棬һмײִ֮ԵĽŹϵ
ҪڣʲѸʧмײĳɳȴ˹
棻ھùȻΣʱ򣬹ҪǿԾû
أмײֵزӭʶ̬ͼֵȡߴ
ԵĲ졣Ҫǣ֮ĻȻƵģʱ
еģ֮Ļ͹ͨȫǽ˽˹ϵĻϣû
ЧƶȻͨмײһ֮Ľ״̬Զ׼
Ȼڸ˵ĲϣмײеĳЩ˴űȽеĹϵ
ƽʶ̬УʹǾһ뾫ӢȻĶ
ʵͨڶмײڵϵĲͬмײ
γں̶ܴϵȨǮ侭ûдձĲ
ΪͨϰտΪʵһȺмײĳЩ
ΪҫѡҫƸݳ޻Լƶײ¶
裬һΪֽŹϵϽ͵á

3.5һֹϵҲ൱ҪģмڲĹϵ
ֹϵУδҪӰҵȺ֪ʶȺ֮
ϵĸĹУرڸĸ֪֮ʶӶԸĸֳһ
ʽ֧֡Ȼ֪ʶײڲԸĸ̬ҲĳЩ죬
˵֪ʶײǵʱйײжԸĸ֧ȷһ
ײ㡣ϸһµʱ֪ʶײָ֧ĸԭ򣬾Ͳѷ֣
ҪáһǶԸĸɵɵѧյ
֪ʶԼⲿ˽ʹǼţֻиĸйΨһ·
֮ʱǶԸĸ֧̬ȣں̶ܴϲԸĸ
ɵӰжΪģǻһֹػ̬ȡ
ʱڣгȡĸĲпԣرǿ֪ܶʶײɵ
Ӱ죬֪ʶײ㲢ûһѵĹơڸĸʮ֮
֪ʶײͻȻ֣гĸĽչԼƶأ
еƶ֮СĸĹУº̴ӶҲ
֪ʶӵǲ֮⣬֪ʶѾɹȥĸײ㣬ɽ
ĵײ㡣˵֪ʶҲһڸĸĹ
ʧĽײ㡣ͬʱгḶ̌Ǯݡǵض֪ʶ
Ϊʥ֪ʶһҹֵ֮ܵ䡣
£90ʼ֪ʶײԸĸ̬ȿʼ΢ı仯ֱ仯
ȱڶԸĸ½ͬʱԲͬĸĸʩʼȡ̬ͬ
ȡ֪ʶײڲԸĸʼࡣԸĸı䵭̬
γյģǶԸļ־þӢΪϷֹ
йеġ˽л·绤ʱ֪ʶײؽ
伤ĸ֮СþӢǿǡϷֹʲ
Ծã֪ʶӢǿɴɵ᲻
ìܼɵĸӰ졣

3.6Ӣ֮ĳͻˡ80⾫Ӣոտʼֵ
ʱʹھӢеӦɺͿ־幹˫ϵĻ
ݡʱһЩش¼ķʵֻɺͿ־ֱӹϵġ
ɺͿ־˶Ի͹ͨĿܡ80ĩ90˫
ϵʼԵı仯ڴ˻γɸӵͻģʽڴ˱
£ھӢ⾫ӢĹϵҪı仯У
µļҪáһ80ĩʼγɵġȶ
γ˾þӢξӢ˵Ļ80ĩ¼ʹ˫ͬʶ
ȶȲͳκȨҲҵˣȶ˫
֮ͬڡڶ80ĩ90ڰ˾¼Ļ֮£
һȲȡѹ˽ӪӪҵߡڵط£
һЩвԱվ˺һߣС䡱ߵĳ̨
ɴˣڵطͻĲϣþӢξӢеĹϵ˺
ڡºУһЩԱмǿٷ˱Ϊˣٽ
׺ԡ±γɣ־һ֪ʶӶ
˵ļ롣

3.7֪ʶײͳμŵˡӢУ90
Ƚͻǳ֪ʶײͳμ˵ơκУ֪
ʶײͳμŵ˶᳣ĻǰᡣȻκνײ
֮Ľ˶ģ֪ʶײͳμųԶ
һԡȻĸй֪ʶײͳμŵȴ
һ۵Ĺ̡80гƸոձʱȺг
Ǵ㡢ԵͶȺ壬ڲ㡢Ĳ֪
ʶ㡢㡢㶼ڽгͶ߲гϵĽ
ǴглԵ棬֪ʶԶгԻ棬
Ӷϵļеġ嵹ҡʱڡ90
ԺгʴĺȺ֪ʶº˳
йҵṹݱ䣬Ҳʹгߵҵչǳ֪ʶ
гϵ¾棬֪ʶггл档
ṹϱΪӡ嵹ҡתΪҡһ׶ΣͶ
޷֪ʶྺԵơ
£֪ʶ㿪ʼͳμγˣͶ߲
ʧ˶Ǩļ

֪ʶͳμŵˣʶ̬ϱΪ֪ʶеġ±
塱˼1994Ժ֪ʶУһ
塢ԿĻΪġ±塱˼֮Գ֮Ϊ±塱
Ϊһ˼ˣɱ
ˣڶӦһ˼ˣܶ඼ѧ˽ⷢ
ҵɱܶ˲˽
һ˼ˣͬʱҲسĸ￪ţ
ɱԿĸ￪šȻڴҲӦעһо
֪ʶԽгġгùУⲿ˵ɹͨ
ٷ貹ĿǰҹⷽƶȻܲȫˣûе
ٷ䲹£г֪ʶӳƽ

3.8ײļֻƸĸﱾ֮µ
ϵĵһ൱ӵḶ́ͽ׶ζԣ¿ԷΪ
׶Σһֻ׶ΣڶϽ׶ΡĿǰҹɵһ
׶ڶ׶ת۵ĹͷйƸĸǴӡ󵰸⡱ʼģ
ձ˸ĸڽ׶εĻȻڵǡһ
ĸеձ棬ԾõĸٳΪǰģôҹõĳ
ڽʮǷܵõ֤ΪҹײѾ
γһƻΪĸһմˣ
ʮУҹĸܷ˳Сҹڶڸĸܷ֧֣
̶ȡڸĸܷڴ棬ܷʹڵˮ
ƽơҪһͱ뱣֤õĳĿ
ǰľ÷Ҫһѡڶĸʮײ
ĳ̶Ȳһɴ˾γ˲ͬײ㡣Ҫǣ
ͷֲṹ֮£ѾʼγɡֻĶϵͳϵͳ
ƶ֮£δУײ㽫ʽһֻƣɴ˹
йԵһϾ⡣

3.9ڴ˽ײ㡢ͨײ㡢Աײ;Ա
ĸײһ(1)ײ㣬¸ײ򱩸ײ㣬Ǹ
ھϵߡŰ˽ӪҵӵʱľӢ
šҵаˡһֱĸɲҵӪԼ
ǡ˵ȡĿǰеҵУʲһϵѲ
ײһϣܳŸķչһ
ҲߵܷĻǡˣĿǰѳһ˽ʲת
ơ˻Ůȥⶨӵ(2)ͨײ㡣ײڶ࣬
ɼΪӡͳȺ壬ũ񡢹ˡ֪ʶӡɲȣк
һͨߡͨײйĸҪ
ĿǰȺ屾ķֻҲԵģӶʹøĸ
Եı仯(3)Աײ㡣ĸʮӾˮƽϿ
˶ԵĽǶȿ൱һѡ
Ŀǰͻũ͹ҵ¸ڡʧҵְĸǰҵְ
λ׷Ĺȴһǧɡĵĵ֤кܴ
һҵְΪԼ½صıС(4)
Աײ㣬ָھƶµȺйľԱײ㣬
ȽͻǼйϡԼһЩɽļƬƶƶ
ũ񡣸ĸЩľƶ˿Ȼ˽ϴȵ½Ŀ
ǰЩƶ˿6500ҡɼйĽײ
ֻҪڱײԡԱײ֮ķֻĿǰ
ǹעǳеıײʧҵ¸ְ֮ķֻ

£һԶϵͳıʼĽײ
ӡļУҵְԸĸ̬ڱء
ĸʱ̬ͬȵռ434%ֲ̬ͬȵռ38%176%
˻شνɼְԸĸ֧ģҲĸ
ֶԸĸĽԲɷĸҲԸ
Լѹ֮γɶյǣԡʡҵְеĵ
飬ȴ˸ȷĶԸĸ֧̬ȡ

3.10в׼ỹᡣṹͼϿвһ
νṹᣬһᡣδйײṹ
飬˶Ϊγһмײ㡣Щ˽Ӫõķչر
ǹϷֹʲḶ́ԼеĹɷƸ̣ʹǻ
Ӧϣ˽Ӫҵĳ֣ǡײ㡱󣬶
ƺơȻһֿҲǴڵģ
ΪֻᡣǸӽ̩ᣬҲ
̩νΣĳ̶ֳ˵еṹڣ
̩ڵһΪĵ˲㣬һǹġƶũ
²㡣ûмײ㣬ǻεģҵṹҲǻεġ
ΣʱеķزˣҲΣ֮С

мײγҪһЩȣҪнϳĲҵ׶Ρ
ҵ׶βγйģмײ㣺㡢㡢ҵ㡢ְԱ
ײ㡣̩ûоĲҵ׶Σҵûγһϵͳڶ
ʵһְҵǨ⡣ִУְִҵṹγɵ⣬
һӴġֱӲͶĽײγɡ״ֱ
ӹϵڴͳУֻмܹߵȽ˶û
ִķУ˶˴ѧһ
мײҲγˡѧмײĻѧķǳҪ
֮һǣʹ˽淶в׼Ĺ淶ޣرǶ
ܶңǡǡȱľ˵ýṹְҵṹͽṹ
в׼;Ӧע⵽һǹҵҵ֮Ĺϵ
ǴӽʷǴӽζԣձҵڹҵй
ǹҵҵҹЩķչԣڸĸ׶ϣ
ܺвײγɹ̡ӹ̵ĽǶԵģ
вײ㷢չͶ͵Ḷ́ҲǸԣײһƶײһ
ƶĹ̡޺̩ǣײǿºͲ
ҵĹ̶ģ¢Ƹйг
̣һʼûг־ǳ¢ϡγɵһ
ӵʱġս׼ĿǰƶԣάȺĹ
ģͱ߽磬γӦķԣײҪĿꡣ˵
ʮ꽫ǲƽȵӾĹ̡ӵʱĸԣײ
ͬʱũ壬Ҳֳ˿ڽ׽ƶȺ֮С

3.11в׼Ƿȱв׼ռ壬ִȶ
Ҫṹءԭǣһв׼ǽ߲ײ֮Ļ㣬
Ϊʱ߲ײĳͻͻȶ
ԭ򡣵ڶв׼ϴº͵ġصʶ̬ʶ
̬ռλʱ˵ĺͼ˼ͳͻ۾ͺг
ȶ˼ԭ򡣵в׼ҲѵҪȺ壬в
ռĶʱв׼ʽͱ֤Ӵȶг
ȶľԭ򡣸ĸй˱Ƚصֻ
һµṹһЩ֤йĸ
ռеıռ˵ķݶռеķ
й˿ڽĻôйܵṹ
ȽС²Ƚϴ˵йв׼ԣмƫ
ڶࡣˣǾ1994ҹУ
1/5ͥռȫ50.13ռеĸȻ
ռ˵棬ͬʱҲռм档м1/5ͥռ
ıΪ15%ҡ˵м1/5ͥòӦ20
ķݶмײ㣬ʵѱƵ²ĵλϡ

3.12в׼ܵвֵעǣйȻûв
׼ǣȴһв׼йʮ𣬽ϸ
ĻƶȣƶΪһĽߣũųڳо֮⣬
ά˳о棬ʵ˽ײ֮Σɴ˲йв
׼йһв׼ĳо֮Գ
Ϊв׼Ϊһ棬Ʋֲев׼ͬһ棬
ָĻƶʹóоڵλԸũ񣬼ʹһ
Ҳռ˿ڶũ񣬶мλв׼
ͬȶáָĻƶȣов׼
ڣй׼άȶҪṹԭ򡣰ʮ
йҰĽ߱ƣǧũУ޵
ԴȺѶв׼γвʮ
ڹоòְ¸ڣ˹ְˮ
ƽλ½һЩ֤ҵְһʧС
кͱĸоڳУн㡱˵Ĵʡ֮
ͳв׼ĵλѴ½мή²
ͣЩԤʾ᲻ȶص

3.13ʱᡣо󹲲ת͵ѧ
Ϊں󹲲еľӢγ˵ʱ
Ļʱ֮תҪӰ졣֮ʱ
ʱתΪʱǷϸ񣬻Ժ󹲲ľӢγɲ
ԶӰ졣ڶйʱתеоУǷһ
ת൱ͬʱת͡ʱתͣǿ
Գ֮ΪȦתǰʮĸгһĻʱ
ʱ;ʱʱӢš͵ľǡա 
ȨѪԵʱʽǿ˲ͬʱĿתԣ
 ա 󣬻֮ÿһʱתԴռеķ糱У
ûǡա ļθ߳70ĩĸ߿80ĳ
80ڵĹٵ80ĩĵݶӡ90º90ڵ
ƾΪʱ۵Ҫڡʱ¢
Դַڶײ档ҹв׼֮
γɣԭڣԭӦв׼ռеԴڱʱ¢
ȥˡ

ĿǰӦעʱκߵӰҡ
ʱľӢȻ٣ߵӰĴΪ
ͬʱռΡúȨԴйؾߵУ
ߡҵߵйߵУԿǵӰ졣90
ڣǰڷزȺ͵ʱýӰ죬൱һЩز̱ס
ʱٿйؾáҺͷزߵֻᣬٽ
زҵķչȻײһԷյļţ
Ѵ档üŶߵӰ첻Э
ײĹϵ෴ȴ׼ìܡִ֪һ
ϾжԪԡ߹УԪΪ
ײ㶼ԼӳԸرм㣬мλ
Э֮ĹϵˣмĲǶԪĺ⡣
ʱӰǶмߵв

3.14йζʲôֱӺͻͶ
ķرǵײϲĵӺͷйѳ
˵ײᲢԵķ򡣸ĸǰйձˮƽ
ߣˣĵײᷴԡĸԺֻ
¸ͬʱҲһȽӴƶ㣬й
ϵĵײᡣײһǳйƶ㣬
йϡƬƶƶ㣬һǽǨ²
ƶ㣬¸ְ˥ҵְԼ˿ɵĳеײ
ȡǰɳеʧҵ¸ڹɵƶǴв㡢ϲ
䵽ײģˣкܴʧСݽһЩ飬
ƶԵķ˿еĵײᣬΥ
ĴӪ

ɷΪͬΣݽȽº͵ĳΪ᲻
ϼĳΪޡ᲻ǵײһֱȽձ
ײԴдԱĵλȻǣ
ײ᲻ײ᲻кܴ𡣵ײ᲻һ
ײĲǷĻżȻġһ
ǿҵķһзжײȺ
ƻж磬еҵгƻеڹ
ƻǳ˳пֲ

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