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ڡˡʮڡ




1998.10.10sd9810b
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йǷûɡ

СƦУƦҹ

Ӣ۹˵ʾ

֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡
й½һԵʼݵ־ּڴƵ
ǰ½Ϣѹơӭκֶνзҵƺʹ
Ըṩţַǣģ
磮ǽÿڵ־Щַ־ʲô
ͽ飬ҲַͬʱϣͶƼģ
磮־ĵַܱ仯֡

  ֡лзҵƺʹ

עΪ˽Լǲıʽñ༭кĶ
֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡


йǷûɡ




ǵĸܶ˵תһȦйױߵȽ
Զ˱˵ʮꡣһĸɵĲȻŭ
йѾë˼ָ¾ΰ޲׼Ļˣ
ʱδʮ¸ֻʮķݣ
ʮĵЩ뿼ʮ壬ΰ
Ĩڣ

ѧԼĸĸסȿɰæӣֿøĸ۹
ۡһ˵ҽƱޱȣ֧𣿣벻֪
ЩĸҲÿ ǲҪҽƱաΪйȽһ꣬
һˣѾһйǸʲôˣڶһ꣬
ʹҽƱնҲֵáǰʹйʹݵĹԱڣ
ԼͬйĿǰԼڵࡣ

ܶɳȥǸŹʱйʮĹƲ̫
أ̫ð;йĨڣй;̫
̫;е㲻ʵˡ

ĸڵʮʱй̶Ⱦʹ׵
Ϊʮ꣬ѧҳΪһꡣƽÿһ꣬й
Ĺƾꡣ֪ʮᣬƲꣿ й
ôԽԽˣ

й̶ȸԱȽ׼ȷĹƣʱΪת
ĻôΡá˼롢ĻԼȵϲ
˵йȽ꣬йǷȱĻûиɡ

ǿԴӰڽ̺ڰķٲʢĹУ
Щ


һո

˸ɵĵһոˡ

ոȻдġɯ׿޵
쳶ġʥĸΪ˹Ŵϣ
͵߲չȻ˼ȴǸ
(1473-1543)˵

ֵᷢ򲢲ϵ˵ġȻ˵ֻ
ɵ̫Զûǽ˽룬Ƴ
ؼԵĿһĹǰĴ̫ϵģ
ϵ(ըԭ)ǰո˼·
ȥˣ㲻ÿ

ܹ͸ĹӢ˴(1809-1882) Ľۡ
ųģųϵ˵ĳֻ֪
̶ߵֶѣһжһǿʳϡ棬
Խֳġ

й˶ԴĽ۵һ䣺 ǺġԸҲ
ǵ̫תѡѧسʶȴû
˿ĸı䡣Ϊйȱҷʡ
ѧֳɹȴ뵽˵Ҳģ 
ģ಻ģ͢˼ģʥʵ
ĽҲ׼ȷ

ͬĵ ë˼벻Ƿ֮ĺ׼й
ҲġΪһй˲ֵýȻҲȫҪ
ԱǲʮڱһĸżȻǿ϶ѣԲ
ʵЩ˼ûжйİõؽܡ

ʹޡйԲȴȤڡǹ
ʵֻһйԲͬʱҲ
¸

ĩ¢Ϸ˼·쵽мй֪ʶӢܹ
⡣ΪǶӴͻǵķӷҲ
磬ЩķҺ׵ؾͰķ
ֱӿȥո˺͸ᡢ˼ŷι
֮ѧϰ֮

йĸʱ䱾ǿӵ; ڸĸ￪ŵĽ죬
й˵ģ; й֪ʶ˵˼۵
ϵų켺;˵й˵ƽ˼뻹ڸǰĵ˵ʱ
ء ʱѽ꣬˵й˵ƽʶ
ء

й˵ƽ˼ʶͣڸǰĵ˵ʱִ
꣬ƽ˵Ȱ׳ǿȥҹʮ
յظɵľƥĻ£йǧĹ͢飬Ȼܳ


йûоո˵˼·ġʱСո漴
ս٣ûдﵽŷո˶ִ˼ĳ
á

йŴӿӴġԽСѽո
ֳ˼ɾ͡ʵںϣͬʱйڴսİټ
ʱʱѧ˼벢ϣйԼոԴ

ϣѧ̩˹йѧӡϣϣ޶µġʷ
йС󴫡ϣСޱսʷйСսߡϣ
аͼĴйпӵĴͬ硣ϣ˹µ߼
ѧѧййӵĹ͡īϣбϴ˹ŷ
¼ѧйС㾭֣ϣе˼룬йؼ
йֻ˹»һѧû֮Ӧ
йһңϣҲûСϣܺԻƽָΪ˼
ʯͷйͭƷϣСʷʫйСǡ
ǲƷ

ʵмصйָһ㡣éܾ˵ Ҫغǰġ
׼ȷ˵ӦǡĶǰġйӶԽֱ
һë˼룬ڿӺӵ˼Ӱ֮¡ͺ
ŷ͵˼˹ºơǲܷϿӺ˹
¶ǶŶյĺˣǵ˼붨Ϊһͻͺڰ

ɭʾѧѧʿĲ֮ͬڴʿ
صϴ˹ǵͿѧԡոʵǴ͵Ľ͢˵
̣ظϣ緱ǵ˼ңд˼·ʱ
˼ҵĴ˼⣬԰ѶǴ


йδйոˣִǰֽţ֪Ǻã
׽һ--ë˼롣Ǹ˼Ƚӡ
ܣȫձԵĽܡ˼йͺڰάϵ
˼ϵ

˵ʼͳһйлǧˡ⻰ейġ
ͺڰʼʼʡڹԪǰ 221ͰйڰˡԪʼ
ҮյǺƽԪʼԪ¡

йķ⽨Ȼȴûŷôڰֻ̺һ
˵ҿʼйս͡ Ԥе
ˡʵʵĻʱս磬й͡
йʱûйڰ񫣬ĻΡ

ĸӦǱ־ͺڰĽй볹װ˼
ִֵ֮ĻӦȾһ״̬ոˡ 
ذټʱڶѧɵ˼롣ټ֮еȻҲϣȻҪ
ӡոҲûзֹһ

ıУйŷ໥״̬ͬ
ƵϣصİټʱôڽִĿʼǷҲӦ
ͬոأ

ԡ˶ʽոˣõİ취ĪЧ
ͨʹһɳĹոﵽ
˼ˮƽǺѣֻҪ޸Ľݾˡ


¹ڽ̸ĸ

ƺҪģʹڽ̣ҲҪҸţֱ
ȥ 

ҮմĻܾѹᣬڳΪ鲼ŷޣ̺һĹ̡
Ҳ漴ΪȺ켺Ҫŷ͵ĺڰѲ˸ϵ
ǽ͢¢ˡʥĽȨκ˲ûȷԡĺ
ǵĴֱӰ쵽¼˼Ĳй
¢˼ĽȨй˵һģһ

¹Ľʿ·´ڽ̸ĸν·ѽ̡Իָʥ
ԭΪּһϵͽ̻Ľĸĸֻһϵۣ
κְԱ̣Ȩϵǰһƽȡʿκ
һϵǰƽȡĸձܣἫ
򵥵ƣǰƽȡ

·ڽ̸ĸһǣ ͽԼĹɾ
ʾϵ۵ΰ󡣸ĸ˵»̴ӢᱻΪ̡
ԵĹת䣬ʹ»̹ҵļº
ϳõرȵλڽ̵Ĳ㶼Ϊȱһ㡣
ֻעһǷԼڽ̣Ƿڽĳ㹻ϡֻҪ
ֻҪϣϵȻ㡣ְϵ۵ƨĹʹ
ýͽֻҪŵóϣҪŬˡʵĿҲ˱
ԵĿ飬ؼԸ졣۹۵缸ڽΧʹ
ңޣ»̹Ҹúãԭڴˡ

κڽ̺壬ܱ˴ȫ
ͶͶ̬ȣʵڷܣйء

˷ڽҲûˡΰ䡣Ϊΰǻ
已̥ƨ϶ϵ۸ֱӺ͸ãгݡ
֯ʹһһ--뵳һʵĺô ҵѧĻᡢ
סķ䡢ȨǨĻᣬԼɴ˶ĸ֡عŮ˵
һȫˡ֮Щڽ̵ֻҪʵ͸ֱ˵
ʵΪȡ뵳ʱϵú;ڽûʲôҲ
ȫûбҪȥѵʵ֯հ
һף뵳һӱܷĺô൱ĹԱ
úøɻڰĴ£йֻԽԽ

ʮڴרԺУйһ족롰רϵĴۡеˣ
»̾Ϊ족Ӧʵڡרϡһ㹲
ֻԼŬͳɾʾӢʾΰ󡣵
Ϊ족ԭ⣬ȡרҪ--ϱȸɻͳ
Ҫⳡ۵Ȼߵʤաǰ߶ר·ǿ
ⳡ۵֢ڣ·ڽ̸ĸ»
ڽ̵һģһ

ͺڰεĸᣬйûڽ̸ĸй֯ĸ
뵳ȨΨһ;йȻԸŬԴɾ͡

·µڽ̸ĸﱻΤһĴΪڽ
ִĹؼ·ֻǸĸ˲Ӧִڽ̹£
½ͽǲһ涮ѧڵάҪѪҺѭʱˡ
˹ָ¸ɵñȾյڽ̲³ŵʱҪпᡣ³ŵֻ
򵥵άСʱҲţй
·ڽ̸ĸʽ֯ĸҲǲٷ
ǵǰܵĴ󡣱ĸĵСƽڡġʱ
ѹֶξͱëʱԡ塱ѹпᡣ




ŷ޵ĵǺ̽յĽеļ٤ƹǣ
ز´½ػƵĺС

ֵµǿռֳΪѾԽԽܵ˵ķ飬رǶԵ
ԭס񷴿װѹֳʱն˵ľֳ
Ȼڹԭʼֳߴԡͷ˵ĳɷ; ڼɢ
ȴһհ˹Ħסѩԭ￴ɫӵӣû
ֳʱǲġ˵˵֮ĳͻǿ
ģǴģġ˵йִǡֳء
⻰漰ͼʱеģ˹ƽ˵ֻ
йҵɢ˿ѹ塣ڻеֹ
ҪôͶˡũҵʣͶֻǳȥ
ıֳظѾô󡢰Ĵǡ
ϷǵӢͳͳӢĻǸʲôӣ Ӣ
˿ڴԼһڣӢﵽ˿ܶȿ֪

ʵ(1403-1424)֣;ʼҴ 䴬
ֻλģ֮ǿǰġϧ֧ӵѰҽ
ĵ񣬶ûһ˿һľĿġֵһݱ
һͨ飬ں̲һѻһԶ󴬶ӡʱ֣
°ĴǣйҲӵڰĴǰŶӵȺǩ֤
ˡ֣͵Ĵӽù磬йʱûаѷ⽨Ƶͷӵ
ֻ˲ơ֣͵Ĵӱյ֮ʮ꣬ϲų٤
زص˼ªСȻЩ׷󾭼ΪĿĵĴһ
֣һʰڵºǱͧ˶ĸʮֺּ
ڴ֮ϡʮйԽɳսʱ޵һŴ۹
ðٶּͧԸǧּڽ

йԴյ֣͵ĴӣչᣬֱѻƬսŲűӢ
Ľں俪йǿں֮裬ܶ꣬1949
¹ϡлŮΪ׹رչŶѪȻй
ͿڽĹաظ˶ɱˡ

йЧԶ
ȥֳءƬºӵ۹յĴ
һʮʮĶʮųһ
Ϸ뾳ıʹĸ￪ʮ֮Ľ죬ǧټƵֹ
Դӻתʮһй˱
汳ɥʧĽ죬йûôء


ġӢĹҵȦ˶

һΪҵʼ(1736-1819) ȼ
ֻȼֻЩװÿȼտȼеķ
Ͷ˵ͶʳȼϡʳṩԴ⣬
޲³´лĲϡ˵Ƿǳ޵ġκξ˶Ա
¼Ҳ޷ªػȡ

һ˵һιҵɣָĳ԰ٷֱȵĹ
ֵԷʳԴΪĹҵŴ; ĳ԰ٷ
ȵͶֹҵйصͶǰ԰ٷֱȡ
80ô˼˵һιҵɵı־ǹֵ
80Թҵţ80Ͷµ빤ҵйصͶۺ
񡣶ҵǰ״෴80Ĺֵũҵ80
Ͷũҵũҵ͹ҵĲͬ

缺ҵйĵһιҵƺûɡй
ֵ﹤ҵֵѾ20һأǷﵽ80Ϊͷû
ͳϲԡһָ꣬Ͷҵָ꣬򼸺ûжٽչ
80ͶȻũҵͶΪĿǰй˿ڵ80ũҵڣ 
˿еıӦһԻڵΪתơ

ӢйˡȦ˶ڷ֯ҵķë֯Ʒ
ͳ֯ԭëļ۸ȻҲϳһֱÿӢĶ
ëԶֲũ롣Ǯ˴չũ
˸ũɥʧͶᡣǴʧȥصũӿ
ΪͶгϱҵʱҹĵĹ˽׼Ͷ

ӢǹҵķԴأũҵ˿ڱĵת(80ת20
)Ȧ˶ΪʽɵġִҵȻûô
ңũҵ˿ڱתĻҲٻˡ

˵ô۵ġȫʹ˿۾նũ
ҵ˿ڱתĻҲ˹ʱչǿйҵͬʱɡ
ϣյ¹֡

ϺСʱֻһСأ˿ɣйũҵ˿ڱ
ʼתĽתš޺µڱפȻֹ
йûӢȦ˶йҲû˹ֵǿйҵȻйѾ
˺˼ͻѾ˼ȵڶιҵװáĵ
һιҵΪũҵ˿ڱûеתɡйҲ
ҵҡ

йũҵ˿ڱĵתζžũеתΪлڡ
졢人йعҵУһǧ˿ڵ㣬й
ҪʮĳСƽÿʡҪϡйûɵ
Ѹɵһ

СƽѲҪۡ˿ڲȹģ
һٸйũҵ˿ڱĵתСƽֻ
Ϊšȿʵ̫΢ˣ˶⡣


塤˶ͷ

˶һ˼ңϵ˹姬̫ҵ޵ȣر
¬˶Ӱ죬Ү(1757-1834)־ԸμĶս 
ҮػصΪʵ˼жҡʱ
˶˼ҲѾˣ·ʮų顣ڷӴͳ
ִתڼ䣬ȼ׳Կƣڵ


ԹѾδ᳷صİ˹ӵĴ
жҮؿʼġ漴һʰ˶ԽԽԽԽб
ҮžͱΪΪ򵹵Ķ󡣵ϾǸжңԸ
Щɹ϶ͷ̨跨ֱ(1769-1821)
ʧᣬڷϳ֡صĶʮ
һ춯صĴ¼Щһһһһбĸ
ң絤޲˹Ӷ֮ŶӱǸ󡢸бĸ˶
ͷ̨Ȼŷ޵֯ĿǰģĴս

֪ʷϵĴĳ һǷڶ
ʮ¸йıĻɴǿԿ
ȻǰڶĻй˶ûɣй˿Ǽ
ظˡ

ȴĸһ˶ģһŴ
ɱ֮ᶼǴģսԻ֮ᣬꡣս֮
Ǽġʮ¸Ϊ͡

Ǳǿ·档ȵ漯źͼ漯֮Ϊ
ƴ

ڷ 200֮ʣĵʷѧұʾ˶ⳡ
Сɷİ궯ң1789꿪ʼֱ1871İ蹫
Ÿ˵һѵ--ˣϧʮĹҲʧˡɷ
ʼᶯϸ˵ֱִʮƽ
Ӣǰжڷ200ʱĽףأ
ǳ˭뵽һĹڹȥ200ﾹȻ
ιͣ

Ƿ񶨵ġɴģᶯʹɱ⣬
һҲûʵֻ֣һֽȨԡĿģȥꡣ
ڰѾɹ͸ﲻô˵϶ͷ̨ʱ
ԡķ˶ֱӽϧڴʱ˼
ǶѾˡԵɵĽɵôһֲҾ硣

ʮ¸ǰһҲһ֪ʶӴ˶
гѩ˹˹Ϳ³ؽкŵˡ
ʮ¸ʱкŵ֪ʶӲ
Ҳˡ

Ľ壬ʮ¸ϱ񶨡ʵȫصȵ壬
ֻҪ֪һ㵱ʱʷͻԲʲά˵˵ΪԲɡ

һǿõ˵Ĳ̵ִطһͽñ˵Ĳ
϶ĳȥġҪǷͱģҪľͱһҪõҲ
Ҫôȥ£Ҫôȥѡ¾ͲܾѡѡͲܴ򡣾ѡ
ҪԸķ䡱ġʲά˲ɣǡѡӮѡѡӮʹ򡱡
ھѡʧᣬͷ˾ѡĺϷȡȨ
ҪĻͱѡҪѡĻͱ֡ӮҪĵ²
ͽ˶ˡй˵ҪµģμӾѡ
һ㻹Ȳʲά˸һЩҲûп塣

ʮ¸žսʹ󼢻ģȻ˹ְյĲ
ʲάսһһŶǹе˹ָҵ˵
ûйף֮࣬ȡˡӢȦ˶Ҫпᡣ

˵ôӲŶѧ͢˵Ϊ٣˾ѧ
ųȫұ崦³·ʮҪ
ҡ

йıĿǰй½̨嵱Ĺ
ķߺͲߣ˫Ҳûз񶨱˼
ʵȻɽڱǰѾȥⳡȷʵġй
֮ԶΪʦ޳ɾּ͡·ġҲ˵Ч
ʮ¸ȷҲ֪ѧʮ¸й˾ѧ
ʮ¸㱱һС

ķҲ롰ġʱ˶йأҲǹģԽ
ԽĴսйƵĽȫν̶ֹȴ򱱷
ױ١ʱн(³Ѹ)ظܳʿʤߵ
ʤᣬ¾ûпˡȨ֮ᣬֻ·һ
ɴǿԿӦ϶Ƿ񶨣õɢ
ᣬⳡ޹صʷѧۡ

ĻëϯԷ쵼ġķѳɶۣӹ׸
ʷϵĴδһֵһʬɽѪɺӡ
й֪ʶִɵͬʱ澯ķ

ǳ޽žսʱָƻսƻ
㽴ļʱҪˣҲƻǸģƻ
лƴɱ˫ΪԼ棬ֶεıûʲôһ
Ǻöܶɵ֪ʶΪйһǺˣֻʤ
ͷԣָǻͷʷ¼ͻ֣ᷢ
ôûһʤ˵ĸǲʵģҲ˵Ƿ
ʱʤԤڵ䣬ᱻΪǸʱǸ
ӡǺ׳ˣͷԴ˵ǹ
֮ҲʷǰĻͷߺǽıûж
𡣾ġᣬ찲Ź㳡ӳһ۸Ѿ˽δ
йְλˡ

ġڽʱᣬӦðʷϵʵ
öΪʼ¼ڴʵ̰ͬۡ˷ѡ
ܡ·һǰʡйġ¼ҡ
ʵ̧̫ѧˡؽӦöΪҡŸʵ
ΪּҪﹲ


˯й

̬ĽǷĽһбԺͲԽأ˼
ΪǵġΪǡʱıȡ޲
ʤ塣֤ð

ڸʱйڵͷɹ̫˯Ρ
˯ؿׯڵջһѶׯڡִ̧ͷȥɻ
˸ȥԶѾӰˡйҲ
ҵأɵ˯״˯˯ӣν ֻҪ
ҵɵĻҲôסйǷȱĻûء

йǰĸǣ

1ոˡı˼·ټ塢ë˼롣
2ڽ̸ĸĸƶȣټֵ쵼޲׼ר
ƶȡ
3֡ɢ˿ѹ
4ҵתũҵ˿ڱ8020Ϊ2080

Ļǧٸˣ 







СƦУƦҹ

졤


Ļȥʮˣⳡ˶ļҲʼɫĸĻ
ң˹֯ıƻرĸڵķʵĸҲй
Ʀ˶չһոµĽ׶ΡȺ˶ĻƿԻݵ硣

˶ɽиƵˣԳ
ʺᣬ롰帴ȴ󡱵ţѲعͳ
ɽչȭţڳợԼͬġɱˣ
ٽգٸһʱɽң̰͢СԱ
֮ƵԬɽѲһΣԬͰƵԴˣЩ
ǹ롱ȭԵǹɱȭڼɹϢġ

ʱţĸ꣬ȭ˸ʧ룬
ûϡ󡱣ֱһʱֵų
ʵϵȨʱĹ½Σñ·
ɱдƷѧָΪëӣҵµһ̳̳
³ɣ൱׶˾һԱعٽΡ

ʱάʧܣٽ˲ΪĿãܰѹȥ
ֵڱаԵװŪ԰ޣڿ಻
ԡ

һ죬ȭ񹦵ĶĴ£׼飬Ҫ
ߵ̫๬ŮǷëӣÿ˶ͷһ£ͷʮƳֵ
ǶëӣȻһҲûз֡עһδĶȭھͶ϶Ƕ
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