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ڡʮߡڡ





1998.6.6sd9806b
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еһ˵ġ

찲šսҮ

֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡
й½һԵʼݵ־ּڴƵ
ǰ½Ϣѹơӭκֶνзҵƺʹ
Ըṩţַǣģ
磮ǽÿڵ־Щַ־ʲô
ͽ飬ҲַͬʱϣͶƼģ
磮־ĵַܱ仯֡

  ֡лзҵƺʹ

עΪ˽Լǲıʽñ༭кĶ
֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡




ġ


ԣҵ֥ӸѧѧPHDΪ֥Ӹ
ѧѧϵ˼ؽڣѧڡӢѧ类
Ϊ찲¼ɫη



˵йʧȥõĻܾѧѧԻ֮ʱ
ôѧڴʱʧȥ˹ǵӰ죬ȨĸߴĬ˵
ᣬ᱾ʹѧ֪ʶӺ͸ĸڽʱʱͬ־
Ի̸СĲ˵ѧٿԱ֪ʶӺ͸ĸߵı硣
ͨع㳡ѧʹøĸ֪ʶ޴롣֮󣬸ĸ
ȫʧȥȨڷѽһȫʤһȫʧܶաй
콫Ҫˡ

й쵼˺Ҫ֪ʶӻҳʶǹƹصʱ
ʮգһŬȰ˵ѧ뿪찲Ź㳡ʮ峿
ξֳίʯҦַ潲˵
͹Ժ϶ѧƺ͸ĸҪ󣬵ϣѧֹͣʳ
˵ͬѧصУ԰֮󣬵͹Ժͬ־Իȡǵٴ
ȷ֤ˡ1

дһĿǣһ֪ʶӻͼ򼤽
ѧ˵Ǵ˿жȫֵľӰ졣2ʮ磬磨
ձԼߺ֪ʶӻң3绰ɣҪΪ
Ĵ찲Ź㳡㲥վѧתĿšŵǣ
·ȣϵĽ̸ԱΪ̬ȷ
ʡڶһλ߼Ա찲Ź㳡ѧԻ
ֱֳȻΪأ˵㹤ũС֮
ռ㳡ѧʤУ԰һ֮ڼһѧ
䣬ת˿šǸѧһػشͬѧشΪһ
ңм˵ĽɫӰѧ˵ǲͬ
ķΪ̫ͳˡ쵼ҪѧԻ
͸ֱӦͨмˡһĻ˵㳡ѧж
ôӰй˵ȨչѧϸӪǡ
͡ǡļ˼Ƕĸϵº֪ʶӽĶ
ȻܾǴѣ˵Ǹ͵ˣʱ鳬ǡ
תѧ֮űʾҲһ֪
ܱ˴˹ͨڶ༤ѧ֯ͬ־ͬĵȼΣͬİȫϵ
ͳͬĦʽƶۣͬͷʵͬ
û롰ˡͨԼͬĸ----ǿܵ𣿲
˵ǿԻΪԷľӣһ룬һиļ䣻һ
ŸջõȨĸоһϰΪȨ


1ļձ1989517գ1ҳ෢ڡ
ձ
2ɣ찲Ӹšʮ233ڣ19896£
14-15ҳ
3緢12֪ʶӣʮǩѧĽ
һž¾ձͷš


Ȼѧµˡûκθݵġŵֻеȷ
4-26ۣ϶ѧǡ˶ܸǶ衣ڸԭ
ǹעǿӲ̬ȣעṩı֤
ǸǿͷϵԣսԼ㡣ӵҪһƺ
˵ȼǿͱָĸڵڵӰҪҲһж޹
ġһЩѧֻ˶ܵѽŵУһ죬
һСʱΪͻʵ

׼Ȱѧ侲ǣƣ򣬹ȫֺͱ氲Ž
ľ̸ʱһѾ֪˵˸ı4-26ۣҲ˵ѧ
ˡǣʮ»һҪѶǷ̸ʱ
ǿشվȨԸ߸ϣڵ˴ȥξίԱͳ
ίְλʱйʮίԱһλ飬ͨһʽδ
ȻҪСƽͬ־شƶ档1


1ձ1989517ա


ʮգжȷ϶ܴ4-26ò
ͣһ˽ζŽйѧ֮
ô֮ҪòյһȫʤһȫܵĽ̳֡˺ʹʽ
Ҳõ˸оֳͻĽгЧӦͬ־ǿҶش
£Ϊͬ־ĵվһߣڱֵϡ˵
ִһߣҪְǷˡѡԻǵʱ
ĸ߼ͬºپ֧ģҲͬԵ
δй֯׷ߡ˼ŵĻ쵼Щ˼
ǴھеĻĹṩġ

ڵϾ֮ʮѧһιٷ
ԻҪѧʳ㳡ŸѧԻֱֳġ
ɱΪѧԷ֯ʵϳϣҶԻ߹ԱΪ
ǿӲɣ˵֧4-26۵ġȻѧ
ϣ᳡òԻٲȻȡһʤ߽ѵʧ
ߵ̬ǵĹ۵Ҫģȣ˵ѧ
̸òࣻڶظ㳡ǡٷ֮
ʮŵŷӰٷ֮һһʳͬѧ뿪㳡㳡
ǧʳѧҲ뿪1һͬԭڱ֤ɶѧ˵
ѧ˷˱˶Žһԭ򡣲һһͬԭ
Ƕôʵʣϣ˵жαĳɷݣڶԻй˵
һʵ˵ѧ˵Ĳ죬棬Լȵ塣

ʮ賿Ѿλڲɿܵѧͳ
ҡĿ壨Сƽм䣬ΪƷȻ찲Ź
ѧѧǸ˵ˡϣѧֹͣʳ֤
йҽѧʳͻΣյࡣ˵ˣν
ǻᣬӦ׵طѧأ
侲ؿǺѧҲ̨Ӵδڹ
ϳֹ


1ԻĲּ¼ձ1989519գ4ҳ


ʮϣڵԱϣϵľԾܾ
ӻ顣ķȫ¶ˡԲϯ˺һָ
֮24յʮȫϣʽȫְ񡣹ٷ
ָǡͬ־ڹϵ֧Ĺؼʱְ̣֧
ͷѵĴ󡣡뵳뱣һµĿƻһαʹˡ

һϵ¼˵йδǼֱصġȫпܣֱ
һӻһּӵȨƽԺǵԼѡ
Եʮ̸ɹ˵ѧ㳡͵˽˵ǰ
ȵ⣬üֶΡԵºֶʧܣ˿˵ѧ
ǡҡжϴȷġǿõڶѡϺ;
ѹ˵4-26ۻ֮Ի˭ʤĸɻǿӲ
ʤȡѧ㳡Ǽͻľߡи֤ݱ
²Ⲣȫ찲űؽʷһӼ䣺
ֿƺǱȻĵƺкܶԱƺɱĽ֡1


1ıǵڴԸıνȻĽοºĲṩ
۸ݡԲע


ͬʱҲʼѡʮ»Ѷȷһźţ
̲ЧӦʮգʮ֪ʶǩһǿҵ
Ǵ˵дʮˣǣйһλ
ӹĶߡʮ˵һҪ߶뾭λ
֮ٴ򵹸˶ãΣְָ߱
ѧԼжѧǶңһйã
Ƶΰ󰮹˶ⲻһԣһԡ
1ͬʱǰҪо֯һ𣬹
δܿ϶ѧǰ˶Ǻٿȫر
йرӦǰơ

֮󣬽º͵֪ʶӻŬȰѧ㳡
¶ʮգͨŹ˾ܾһѧĻָ
Ӧòʧʱس㳡سѧУУ԰2
˵ˣǰģҪġһǾӻȥ
ǻУڶȡϣ̨Сƽ
˰ݣӵͬ־ǿһǺ
Ҫġʮʮλ֪ʶӵȣΪһ֪ʶӻҺ
ĸϵˣһȷؽѧµĿϵ֧ԣ
Լˣ

һ빫ĶǼ¼߼ʮնԸǷı
ξֳίʮչڽϵľԵĴְҪԼʮλ֪ʶ
ͬǩԾܾμʮյĹ顣ͼѧ͸
ɵˡĸɿܾ룬Ĺϰ߶ʩǿ
Լʹǲܹ빫һʼͲȡһѧ˵Ĵԡ
ҲֱӻȷѧͨѶӶ˫ҪᷨӦӦ˵Ĳ
⣬ǿӲɵĸζҪʱϴﵽЭֻ
ʮȷȨʧԺ֪ʶӲŽϹس棬˵
ǵβԣһְ빫ʽ֡ȻĽʱѧ
Ѿ׼ˡ


1ϼ䣬йѧԺѧоǰй1989-90
ϯ˵һļΪһ칫ڷ˵ļ鼤
˶ܵ޹ߵıʹϼ䣬ı40
졷ձ199064աϼʺͿ
ҵձ1990520գ32ҳ
2ձ198987ա


ˣѧйΪһֹ۵㣬ΪһʼĸɾͰѧ˵ɵ
ڶĹߡѧȷֵ֧һɻĸЭѧ
ǵ˶ɥʧԡһ۵ҲķӳΪĸ
䣬ѧӦ֮־ѧˡһֿǣֹ
ǷȫƵĹȷӦԼڴȫ̥
еĸ˺Ⱥȱĺǿҵͬеı֣1Ϊһ
̥ǵĸĸɷġ£ֺȴһ
Ļһ֡

ѧĽĿܷӦԴһƵһĻп֪ǷΪ
˵¼ľѹɺϣ¶ʮգУѧ
ϻϯϣδȺѧҪѧ㳡ϱ
ѧְְȨһ½ļ쵼ʹ


1߲עұ˵ġᡱ͡ᡱһ˾
˵ġᡱ(civilsociety)ͬԺĽ͡


һؼʱ̣޵̨ͻȻξϱȥ
ְšݵʱھλۼºֱѧ񣬵Ϥ
̨ȡϢԴֵĹƳƫһ߳ڡʤ
գһִźͷԵؼֲ㳡1

ʱ㷺žǹǲ֪˭ɢ
һ۵ģԼα㷺ܵġǣѧͱȷž
ǡľӡԲִ˺ͼʿֵ
ϵʵõںŷͬʱҲ౨˵ĳĳӾܾ
ִнϲִĲӷͻơҲйԪ˧һЩ
߼ҪҪԸѧ˵Щ˵Ժδ
׼ȷҪЩ۵㱻㷺ˣֿһǷԳ˵ĺ
ɡЩʱйڲ˶µĵı京ս
ЩϢ󴫺ҥԿʷѧ൱־õǿȤ


1¬۵ȣۼ߾޴ɼе۵㡷񲻻ǡۼЭ
ᣬ1989332ҳ


ᵽЩҪһоƻҪǿǰһз
ýϵͳȱݡһ˵ȨýͨѶֶϵʧܣ
޷¼£һϺ͵˵ѧ뿪㳡ʹѧ
ȷŲʵĳ⣻ڶʹѧϣоĶı
֡гֵĿԣcredibility)ѧͱʶ伴
ǰѹһУȻӹ㳡ˡ෴һЩѧԴͿɿԲ
ϢжʵϣǲδŬȥϢ1˲ŵ
ܿƾӻΪвţЩʵʾȨ½

ǰԺиҵĹˣ֪ʶӺ
ֵ֯֯һᡣһǡ׶ϯ顱
ʮ˲μӣΪټˡһٷ˵֯ɡ֪ʶϻᡱ
Уѧϻᡱ˾ӡ˸
ӡӡȵɡͷһΣһ
ƵȫԵַֻ֯֯ʽ֯
ɵġڶĹ㳡ָӲʮһѧ˵ˡ
ᵱѡָӣ˵ĽѧμӾʳʮ
ϣʳߺѧóֹ㳡Ա㻶ӭǷʽԽУ
3սά򡱡άסˡѧûƶ


1ѧƹ˵һĻ˳Ծġ˵ѧ
ɷӵ£ɹضйӵݷ
ӵ½賿ıȰ˵ѧ뿪㳡
ͳսѻҪѧֵõĻ
ʱʰ棩19905111ҳƽΪ˵һ׼ȷ
ϼ˵ᴫĻ۲ཫ֤
ԻǶ˵ѣͻҪˡڡŦԼʱ1990
620ĲɷñУ֤̣˵ˡǴף
Ļá
2»±1989958ҳ
3ָ----ᡷ񲻻ǡ216ҳ


¶ʮգϯ飬㳡ָӲͱ
ϻ쵼ٿŷᣬᣬϣΪҪ֯
ͷˣʮѧȫ緶Χڵʤк󽫳㳡
һ鱻ȡˡݱѧҪڹ㳡ϵȴ¶ʮȫ˴
ίٿۼ߱Ҫõظյѧ
֧֣ҵϣĳЩж㳡ˣǽڱס
òؼҡ찲Ź㳡ָӲһܺõ֯ɵĻ˵
һʱˣ뿪ָӵְҪѧָָ֧ӣǡ
ӵ¡һգټһŷᣬָѧպ
ѧģʳ֮һظУѧʤͼ
Լͬʱһھѧִϵ
ЩǮھѹΪԼ֮áЩҺͿľǿģ
ѧ˵𲽼ºͣθкսԲԵƵ˱ϡ㳡
ļֻӳ˸տʼγɵĹеĲһ
֡

ԣѧ䲻ܹǵȺڣĳЩ䣬Ҫǲ
ʺ֧ߣûͼԼѧͱеӣҲʵ
෴Ǹ߶ȸԵĽͻƵΪжȺϼ͵Ч
׷κεεȻףⲢ˵ûΡ

պգԤеĲ򱱾ĵĽʼˡ̹ˣ
װ׳͹ͼǰʿǹй֣ɶҡ
ȨرѹƵᡣ类ˣйᷢ
顣йؿʮ껺ظĸ￪֮й߸
˶ԱڵѪͻѹƵһϵе
̡֮ĴͿֲȷʹйһЩܳ˲
⣬һЩкͼбضĬ찲űй֮
ѺۣйãηչĹؼʱ̣ʱҪ
ṩȫãؽ˻Σ

ǰʮеͨƺ͵ķʽȷͼٳ¼
ķչڸǷڼ䵱ѧռݹ㳡಻
֮ͬǣͨʹþƵıɱѹͳµ
װڣѹռݹ㳡ѧжڵϵʧܡйȨ
ԻԼԸĳеֵ֧Ļ
ʮСʱûɥʧҲѴΪδܷ֯ϵ
޲׼ѧ˶Կ󲻵òʹóı
Щʵ¶˵ֵĿݽߣòʹģбԴ
ʶ̬Ļ͵ϵ쵼Ȩhegemony)ɥʧҲ¶
صǰûκһ˻ɵֿӮ찲Ź㳡峡Ӯ
峡ȴʧȥһΪȡйάŷĶȡ
յѺͬߵľԵսĹǲܷµģ
ֻķʽȣʷѶηЩһ
ˡЩһνΪ΢ֵͼȵĿֻп
ʱŬɺͽܴﵽ

찲űһ汩¶йƶȵĵݽߣͬʱҲ¶һ
Щ֧˶ѧ׶νǻ۵ȱ
˼óĿںţЩû
ʵеݽǾдǧͬʱҲֳʷϺİ
Դ̬ȡǺԥسͰߣǲ
жκκμжж˾ռߵ
ֶҲ߶Ǹ˵ӢΪѾ׼
Լȥ¸ҵĵĿꡣΪˣǵļ
жԼе׷ҸĿѸǰ˰
ԼڵÿһĻԵѡڣϻʵ
ףӢΪ˶Ŀʼ׶Σ
ױ¶ѹƻ˶ҪɵĿꡣڣ찲ű
˶ھ޴ΣӮѶʤʱ̣
ھʱ̣˶ڽ׶ΣֺںսԺ
ǵӢĸ˺ͼΪڸ̶Ŀ꣺
˶ԽǳɹҲԽŮӢǣ꼶Ĵѧµо
׼׳ǵҲںǾ
Ŀ˶ֻܹʵУžҪԡ

۲߷̶֣֮ѧ̬ȾͷȮ嵽
ľת䡣ȻȵͼȮ߶һ£
Լһʵ嶼ΡȵֻԼ
븺𣬼Ȯֻ渺

ѧ˶ûκսԣûгԶοǡȻ
ѴսԺͲ⡣Ƕʵõ֪ʶǣ
ǲδܰ쵼ĽɫǵͼżʵԽԽб
һߣͬʱ֯ͻȻֺҪ˶쵼ȨЩ۵ȡ
Щ۵º͵ˡǣ޴ܹѧκս볤οǵ
жûս볤οǣɵһЩΪǼж绤֧
ֵϢ۵㣬˶˵ǵص㡣ֵǣ
˵ǵһŰ˾°궫ŷҪأܵǣ
Щ˻˲ٱΧΪйõľ
̵ܴ޴оѧѵ

ҲǶ飺ȻѧûսԵġڵοǣ
ǴľʹȨȨǴӹ㳡ˣֲ
ѹȨάָӡǲ֤Ҳܲ
һ෴ǣѧˣƶȿܸ緢ı䡣һ
ɱ֤Ȼʣѧ֪ʶӣйںйΪ
˸˾޴ۡʵϣһ۵ٶйһθһ
εĸĳɹԳθĴۺҪһдۡ

һϵеʷ¼ʾһһԿȫӮԸ
ҪĴۣǶԷͱκֹͬ
뷨йһٹ̵ڴһĶԿ
Уһ⡣Ϊֲֻµĳڽֲܸı˼룬
˽⵽ڽȫƶµζûȫʤߣûȫߣеֻһ
Ļƶ޵طӮӮ䡣ڽУ˫˴˶Ϊ
ѸٵسԵңҲȫԵ㡣Ȼ󾭹õķ̸ּۻۣ
սԵЭ˵˫˴˶ʶֽ޳
ԭڴϣһԿȥĿܡ
ףϣ˷ԵĸΣйڴִȡ÷٣
Ҫ֪ʶӣרҵԱͺѧĻĺֲ߲ͬ
ԤĽƷƶȡۣܿҲ
ͳй

ҺĺͽЭֻͨԻ̸Увͷв
̶ȡá찲űʾйǰƶȲµ绷Ч
תй쵼δʶһ㣬ͽջпܳ֡Ҫ
𽥵˥յıΣһܵѡǵ쵼
ƶȵıǿϣµƶм쵼Ľɫʹ
йܹͷ١

ƶʽûܹԤȡһ
ķʡڵСƽ쵼ĸڼ䷢Ϊ찲űֱ¶
ƶȷ֮ȱݣЩȱݳĸй쵼Ѿ׵ķ
ΧЩ¶ȱݱƶȶԴѧ֪ʶӺͳǶô
ܣµϢʱִǶôشôʧȥһ
õĺˡµķʡ֧䵳εԭ
򣬹淶ͻٴμ֣ǻĸٱ漰

һ漰ĽṹԭǾÿһλÿ
ֻһٷȺ֯ڡֽṹԭı䡣֮
ӦͨԸģϷģεĺͻ֯Ľᷢչǿ
ܹ֯񣬶Ҳε
ĸεĽɫЩչһд൳һд
ࡰɱ𡱡֮Ĺϵڶ໥ͻ漯֮Ĺϵ
ᱻһƶ淶ƶȱ̸ͨкּۻۣ
ͻĳʱݱγɡǿģõ֯ЭὫ
ҹϵ⡣ǣپлʵξά
ĴͳĶľʹͳĸε֯

Ҫչһᣬںѧ֪ʶҲϵķʡ
һѾĳЩѵ˵￪ʼҪǣǱѧḺΣ
˵ĳЩ壬ҪԼʱ
жЩ︺ҲӦѧᣬɺȨ
ȨĬΡȨӦðһЩ˼뷽
磨ƫִйʽ壩ڵǰƶ
ʱ̫ʶؽЩ˼뷽硣

ҲĹĺͽؽֿԴӵĴʧ
ʶ̬Ŀݽ֮лõϵȺϵĸ¡ͬʱĳЩѧ԰
ϼ˲ε̬ȣȱʵľأ
ԼתΪµĹҳϵķɣճΪε쵼ߡ
ĺͽ⽫ٽй۵ĺͽ⡣ǰһʫҵġĻ
ë֮ĸĸһ飺

ɽˮ·һ塣

ͬһʫ䣬һƪģֻһѲٻ
ۿһ塱ϣ







еһ˵ġ




ѧ˻߳

ġֱ˾˵֯ƺȡйͳ
ʮѧ˶ʧܵĽѵһʼ֯ûˮƽй
п˵ÿһ˹Բߵǰͷͼ
ñѹ֮ʣѾʱشӵйĸıںš
С͵͵·½Ϊ㡣Щʹй˺һѰƵĿ
ӡ

֮ʱҲйǿӲҪĲƽϢǼһЩ¼
ṩһ˺ȱڵİѱڣ˾ԽƵĳڣѾþ
ٳûѹ𽥹߳ѧ˵ķԡԻʧṩ˵һѺۡ
ʳɴ˶ĸ찲Ź㳡һİѱ

ʵ˵йµʮ䣬ˣ˶û
ԻһԴûһԺľʽй
ѹڵȴʱȴѧ˷ʷ飬ȻҡԻʧֻ
ʾʧȥƣɾʳռ찲Ź㳡ʹѧй
ǿӲεķ

ƽĶۣ˾˵ǽйרƺͽİ
žʵǧ˿ԱšйͳνṹԶԶûи
ʮһ񣬰ѧʵϲ֪Ϊѧֻ
ʾһʵŻŻʹйպΪ˼ɶѡѧ
նǵԻΪֹй̸ϵ֣ԻҲ
κνĽֻǶԻֻҪԻĿһǡ
һ塱йǾԸġѧǡǡ߳ĳԶԻ
ʱһȺߺ!ļ٣Ӵʧȥơ


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Իʧ֮ѧʧȥ򡣵ҪЩʲôôҪ󷨶ı
õܵȺΪûмԤڵѹʼǲô?~
ȹ־ڶᵽи߲Ρѧ˾ʳ⡣˹˵
ֻܾп찲Ź㳡ҵؾʳµĸ
ִ˺˵ΣٶԻ;ʳ
йǿӲɵ»ΪֻҪʳ˾͸ͣһǷ
찲Ź㳡߼ıȻȴַϳ˵Ϊ֮
й֮101أ㳡ѧӵԺΪʳԡķ
Ȩòɿԡ˵֮䣬뿴ס
֮䣬뿴ı顣֮䣬ġ
űȾʹˮ䰴ġ־ûëţѲ
־ı˵֮䣬ԵеķƤţ̸
ʲôԡʳԡɿĶϷ֮


ɥʧ

һοصĻ˴ûѧ䣬Ҫʳ߻ָ
ʳͳˡѧΪֹ:ѾɹʹֶԻ(
ܶԵʲô)ȫ綼ѾͨתǺԻ
ʵˡѾʤԿУˡҪץסĻᣬ
֯ķʵϣʵˡ̨
Ͽϣڸѿ㳡ȥܾʱ̾
:!ֻеѹˡ

ɾʳʼ˽ռ˶Ѿ޷ʱΨһѧ⳹
ʧܵİ취ֻз֮Ȱѧˡ֮ȴϳͷ֪Ƿ
עһʵ˾ʼԷٵΪ١ݹ
ǣҥԻ:Ķӵʵ硱ĹҲǡ׶
ġǷܣʱȴ͹ٵԵġͬ
ʹѾΥԡô?!


Ϊ²̨

ġǹԭ˫²̨ˡеǿӲɣ
µ̨ð֮踿ǹ㳡ϵѧͷµ̨
Ҳɿ˰벽Ȼ˫²̨ˣֻоһ
·ߡŷʿ˦սڸԷѿʹ
㳡ѧͷǵͷ쵼ѿ;ܲˣҲ
;Լ·޷̨ˡ

һ㳡ѧҲڿ㳡ԺŻعѹ
Ժܳġ:ǹʲôķû?ش˵:
ڹ㳡ڵƽĶۣǹǲˡ취
벻

㳡ðνľӡͶӣҲǲʶʱ֮
ǳ˻ϽͣѾ˥ߵʿһĴ̼֮⣬ʱֺ
޲棬ͽѧ֮ܳġ

⡰ľӡĵĵڶһݺ飬˵ѪȾ⻹
ǵһΡ񵳺ձ˹ûɹȴɹˡ
⻰ܶԣ

Ҳʷʵͬʱ찲Ź㳡һ֮ҲǵһΡ
ûɣئûɣһûɣһûɣսҲûɣ
ִʷȴûһҸ׶Ĺ㳡ģȴɰ˾˸ˡ


еһ

ûйֻʷһѡǰ
һȻһԸͼɽ̣ʵǰ첻ġ
ιȴƾִ֮ڡǳҰ˫࣬
˵Իġǹǰ˫סˡ
й˵ġȡˡʤ̹˵Ĵȴĵҿơ
ռ㳡ѧҲͬʧܣʵ˫ûʤȫʧߡ
ֻǹл巴ݵʷظµһѡ

̨İԡġ:һλ˵ġ˶ʹ
й𾴣й˵µҵĿǡǡ෴Ϊ
ġǡɱ¶й˵ĳª---⽨˵ѣҰԼν
ġġӢǳֹϵġƵת԰
ңΪŽףӢ۲ӢۣһȺͬ
Ͷѡġֻʹй޹⡣

˶¼ĿõĻش:ѧstupid(޴)
crazy() 







찲šս

Үˡ


ɿꡤٺ͸߸ĵչʾ˾˵׼¼Ƭ찲š
ĳսǾ޴̵ġһ㣬ӰƬǰʿΧ˾
ɿһߡڻûпƬ֮ǰͽΪǲһûԼ
ʷ֮һ׹ʷΪĲȡҵԼļ¼Ƭ
ȡͼҪ죬ӲҪʷĺڰ׵ߵһ
һй󣬲й߲ԨԴ˿ꡤ٣һЩĿ
ˣȡѡȡƴճһС찲šӰƬ
ŵĺǡġӶ񶾵ǹעĸ׺й
дӳйĵСй󡣣

 
찲šֵԭ

찲šʱöŦԼʱ۰༭߽(Pulitzer
 Prize)Howell RainesýһͨΪ
ý뵳Σ׷䶯ЧӦڱŵĴͳֵ
ִͳֵŵķǵԣҪڱʱųǿ
ǲӦżַ׵Ļɾǵְҵ̽࣬
ȥӣǵǸʵӮùڵȰ

ϸ찲šǲѷ֣ƬͼֵģŵĴ
ͳֵȣƬּǾܶظʵȥӡ
硶ŦԼʱԣȲһŷҲ͸Щ
Ӣǵ˽ںؿڶ󰮡йܻ֮
Բ׼ıμӰչƬӳһ಻߳ŭ֮ͽ
ʦйй֮޲Ƭż
ִͳķ׵Ļɾ񡣿ꡤٹʾ춡ġ
ֻй˷ֽȻͬ˵ܶеκһֱ
ȫŷϣΪֲͬṩһƽĻᡣģ
Ƭ˽ԼųӰƬ֮⣬ܻرֱӵļֵжϡ


ý˵

Howell Rainesý뵳Ρ׷䶯ЧӦÿ
춷ý԰˾˵󵼡

ڡʮһƪָýرý
춸߳ЧӦرǶԵıֻ춡ϷһĻ
ϷЧͻ¼¬ɱս찲¼
ȣȵȡΪʲô¬ɱķԻأʲô
˰˾ˣһ仰ϷǰĻݵʲôԴǵȤǳޡȻ
Ӱ޴Ĵýߡ˾ʱһЩѧ
߼ڣۼߵȶ֮½߳
ѧýġһĻĸ߳УΪ˾
˾һҹ䴴ģòһ񣬶һЩ
һֱΪйҵ֪ܶʶӵºͽмһˡ
ûЩ֪ʶӵĲиŬа˾ľ棬ǳͷĻᡣ
Ǳýͷ뵽׳۵һĻҪǰ漸ĻϷ
档

ý׷һĻϷԣѧͶý֮ãⴴϷ
ĸֶ߳ԵĻǰ˾ʧܵһҪġδַʡԭ
ǡȶ˿(MariaKornatowska)ָڰ˾꣬ʴý
Ĵڣʹÿ(ѧ˶)쵼˶ռǿƣܻӭı˶ԭ
ֻץɿһ档ܺйϰա

ʹɵ侲͹ۣܹƫĶŴͳ
Ҳ൱ѡҵǣýɸĶ̧ͷ
ᡣԡġۣýĹǲĨɱġйڷ
ʲôǣϷһĻ߳Ĵ̼£ʹ侲Ҳ
ô侲ƪ֪йרĸսʱдķ
£ʵ˵⼸дǳ¡ԭҲܼ򵥣
ϷոĻڼ˾ˣ󲿷˶ʼϲ
ѧǷʡԼѧʳʲôëΪζô춯صһ
˿ԤҲûеʱ򣬿ϧȻ̧רѧߵλϣƫƫҪ
ŷʡʱǸѼϼܣӲͷƤдЩԼҲ
˼¡ǡǡЩԴý͹ڵӰ󡣶ʱǨ
˵侲ѧͳʼãѧҲһʱ
дʵʱںʹýѰòˡ
ʵѧӰ첻˴ýҲ˹ڡЩ
ĸΪϽѧУ˵ǿˡԵƷˡ
ΪЩ̸ԡŦԼʱһƪᣬҲŸŴС֡

ڶĵʶ»ͣڰ˾šʱˮƽ޿ָ
˼ұϾйˣԼһҪġйˣر
ʿˡźǣʿеĲˣɣ
ýǰ԰˾Ե֮УҪڴ˻Ҵ
ꡣ


ڡ롰סǡ롰ǡ

ʿܾԸʡԼڰ˾Ĺʧļȵ
⣬Ҫԭ򣬴ŻϰߵĹĻ
ϵ˼άʽ

Howell RainesνĿ͹ۡ侲ǵԵŴͳҲ
ǱϾ˼ҵĴͳй˶ԣǸ
˼飬ϰߣ޳ȴܲ˵¶

Щ˶ڲɾѾܲͷˣ˿￯ǡ
˲µ˵˿ԵĲСţΪ
½תͣﴫ½ʱһ˵ԼôŽᣬ
ڹҧȨǾͺܿЦ

Ȼǣ˭ʲô۶ʲô۶˲أ
˿żලѵȦҪһżƶ
Щ˵ĿУϷǺڼס㲻ͬҵĹ۵㣬춹һ

Katherine Verderyڷеʱע⵽һڹ
еձ󣺹׷Ŀ꣬һ޶ȵ
Ա֮Ĳһʹͬ춹ҵ
ͨΪ֮ĲͬͻʹΪ޲塣ͬʱͨ
˶Թͬϵʹ档
Claude LefortָΪȫĵλǽڷ᲻
ͬԱͼ֮ĻϵġΪһߵȻڹ
Уֻ֮һֵķʽ񡱺͡ˡǡ͡
ǡڡ͡ס֮䣬Ӧ֣ζŵҡĸʱ
һ̡һŮ֮Ҳģˡ˵ˣһ
ͬʶرǿǷһƶʱҲͬ
ֶַʽֻѵҵλõߵһ£һз͵Ϊ
Ǻõģַ͵ƵĽͳһηͬ͹
һԼΪĴһЩʿһͬ
ǡǡ֣Ҫ֮ǡҽޡվȽ׼
׼顱ڲ磬ƺҪں⣬ؽһ޲硣


ý

찲šҪսģֽ޲֮ϵġǡ롰
ǡĶģʽֶģʽͺͼʷ˵찲š
ʹǶ԰˾괿ļûˡŦԼӰչѡƬϯ˵
Լ찲šĳʱʮֹʵĴӰƬΪй
ٷȫǻˣȻģǽ˴ɱǲԭµһ档
Ǵһ濴ⲿӰҲʾ㿴ЩΣαƽģ
ʱѧǲ˽жӰ켰ӰƬķǵ
ζҪԽ˸ɼζųԽй֮ĶԿ

˶ԹڵӰԽԽޡǣ֮㣬ѧϰ
һЩϷйҲʧΪһֹסҪһ
ѧϰý塣Ŀǰں⣬ý岻٣һǵԵý
塣һ־ϵԺƫϵһ𣬲ѧ
֮Զ֮ʵڹֲ˼ҡýУܳԽɱ֮ľͺ
٣ܳԽйĶԿ͹侲ģûСǵӡ
ﲻ̨Ŀ͹̨ۣĲӢý͹ۡȵģǾµĸ
£ǶԲͬܶԼԵĿ͹ۻ̶ȡ

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Ϊ˶ˣԿ͹Եԣǵɵӳй
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