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ڡһ١ߡʮšڡ


2001.12.14sd0112a
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רۡй͹˶Σĳ·̳
йWTO͹δȥ־ʿ
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ۼලǹ۳ɽ
ѧˡ
ļ鼸ʱݡ
òο2001йš쿡
йҵ淢չξѧ硤
ʹ۲졡ǰĺƽս˶ԡ
֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡
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ǰ½Ϣѹơӭκֶνзҵƺʹ
ӭƼѶı
ǵõĵַ󣬾ͻ͡Ըģ
ǵķ͵ַţĿд⣨unsub
ĻƼ뽫ţַ
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֪Ȩݲ˼˼޽

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йľṹشı仯ڳУһ棬
˽˺ʣҵѸӣĹӪҵطź˽ʱ
ԣķʽ족Ϊ˽ʵҵһ棬Ѵʣ
ĹҵľӪ˳Щҵ˽ҵһ
ͣѹեˣ׷ΪĿĵľʵ塣й1949
Ժһʧ˫ϵļһڽṹγɡ

ͻԱϣйҵҵߣ
Һ͹ȨȨƵĴڴýܽϣرǿ
󡣶֮ͻһȴֿտյĵ͹Ա
ƽͻʹ͹汣ϺԷΪܡ

ũ壬ũ빫ȨĶµʽҶũֱӰ
Ȼڡ򱻶طͷְȨʹõط
ԱǱִ߷ߣѾӵ˲ܼ
ƶ˰˰͸Ŀ̯ɵľ޴ȨԴԼĸ
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ʦҽĹҹԱǱȽбϵȺ塣ڣǺ
ҵĹϵҲԽԽӽ˫һĹӶϵǵƸúͽͣͶ
ʵ룬ȫɹͳһ涨ں̶ܴǵĹӶˣ
ֱ쵼һȺеĳԱҲǴڵ˵״̬ڴš
ȨĹӶǰͬСֻǵֱ쵼
ڲ

ṹش仯Լɴ˲Աȵزƽ⣬
й͹ײλ½񻯣ì
ӾĸԭҲǹ񾭼ƽͳչȶвң
صǣйθܵļӾ磬·еɥԼ
ڵȫģεģ޹ҵȻڶ񻯡

ǰġй͹ͨѶƶй
˶²ͷչġǵĿģҪʹ
й͹ײ֯ͨԼĹᣬı
ȵĲƽ⣬ͨһ֯Ḷ́Ϊֹйì򼤻ҵ
һ·

ΪйĹˣũͶֻ֯
ƣκʵĹᣬԼĹſܸ
ƣĻȨܵõάԼλߣЩǱ
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ΪڸӵͻУԱȵƽǽƵ
ֻ֯͹Լ£ҵΪſԻ
ҵĹߣϰԱֻѾ֯͹ʱֻ
ٶ͹֯ܵķʱǲŲò͹棬ſ
Ը͹ƽ̸вغͶԼ͹Լ͹ҷ
ȷ͹ȨҲܱԱء

йصģбըԵΣѾĿáʱ͹ѹե
ŵ̰۸ܣѾԽԽ͹˾·й
ũİչУ¹··ĿԽԽձ顣Щ
ѹìܵļѪܲͶţ
ᣬ͹ͥѣȫɱı紦ɼɱˡը
ҵ͹ʩȶԸˡıΪ

Ϊֻڷй͹֯ԼĹᣬ
ģбըԵΣпܱ򻺽⡣ΪֻĹᣬ
رͱ͹棬Ϊ͹ӶܺϷش͹
ʷм̸У漰͹Ȩķۺƶֻ
ʹ͹ԼҪܱԼĲбձعעͽĿ
ʱҵĿΪſܼ٣ҳ̶ȲſܽͲΪԤơ
ԹͻḶĳɱſܽͣԱΪ
ԻǿܵġЩȶĻ֤

йԶ˶ѹлȫܹĿƣطͻ
ҵϣʹܶʵĳͻ͹ĳͻʹ
͹ҳΪ᲻Ҫ󲢳Ϊͻ֮һκһ
˵ʵӦñġͨġᷨ޸Ĳݰûд
лȫܹ¢ϵλܹ쵼ЩԵⲻ
Ȼʹܷᷨ涨ĽͻҸûиı
ٷĿơֿƣʹй͹ʧȥص
ʹϵгעṫԺƽֶνͻҪ
ͺϷԡ

ΪֻǿĶĴڣʹ³Ϊ
漯֮ϵģĹȨʹ͹Ҵʳͻ
һ˳ͻǱɽͻĵ˺ٲߡ
ҲſܾᣬгҪĻЧʡ

ǻΪռ˿ھ͹ײ㣬ƸҪߣ
ҲƷҪߡ˺ϷĶά͹ȨĶ
ʹ͹ľҵȶ뼰ǰʣȫ͸ϣ
ʹ˿ߵĹ͹õϺߣ
ҵ󣬾ٵǰᣬйǰ߳費
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һǿĶ᲻ϵȡй͹Žᣬ
ͿжɴˣǺйĹˣũ񣬽ʦҽԱ
ڱҵλڱҵҵԼΧŽ˷
˳ܣϰΪԼȨпֻп
ͼʾ۲Żغ͹עǣĵϰ̰
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ͬʱҲ֣йע͹ײʹ״ִ
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˭ûжĴں͹ļ룬ලνġ
ҵĸѵ˹ʲĴʧҵձ鸯ܡǵĶ
ΣʵϣȷᱣϼϡϵͳҲ
ΪװƷƵлȫܹй͹û˿Ĺ
ڼලҵĸලᱣϵͳУڸ͹Ĵ棬
ҲûӦеá˵йڽֹᣬѹƶ͹
˶ͬʱȡɡĸʩͼ⣬߳Σʵ
֤ѾʧˣΣڼӾС

й͹״񻯼俹ձ飬ңʹй
ԽԽ˿ʼʶ͹֯ĺԺͱҪԡ
ڣйй쵼˾¶ĹᣬΪ
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͹ҪԼĹʣݽȨǼû
ֻҪһȥʵϣĹ˶
Ķᣬ᲻Ϊйγвȫȡ


ʹ˶ľ˵ʳͻвȡ
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Ϊһ֯ܵδ£ֱӳ
ͳȨ෴ʹԱʵµƽ⣬ڷ
ĽĹߣҲʹ͹ײĹǿӶʹ
ƽ⣬չȶ֮˶ϰηģ
Ľѹô˶Ϳܱȳϰ
ˣййһʮ·ڣΪ
й͹Ĵ£й͹ײжԣţ
ей˶ϣΪ˽׼ȷӡйһǵѡ




 йWTO͹δȥ

־ʿ

룬1210ҽμ̨һйרá
ʱԥǡWTOй͹
ΪһСˣûʲôʸȥ̸й͹⣬οҲ
רҡһ룬ʵйWTO͹ȷʵӰ
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¶Ĳμ̸Ϊλα֮һ

ǰڽ̻ʶһλйλᣬֻʮ
ңǸ̫̫ġӢֻаأС
ȫɥʧʱҺ֣ôɥʧۺֵģ

ʱλش˵ʱһպҵձ
ҵѾ̭豸˵йͶʵʱйʾӪҾ
ڹɥʧԼۺ֣Ǽҹ˾ͬɥʧۻ
ұ۵Աÿ궼һˡ

Ȼ¹ʣΪʲô豸бҪĸĽ

λ˵Ҫ˵Ľ豸з˹˵˻Ҫѹƣ
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Һܲ죬һԴΪּ
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ԺظҵʹҵˣҲԿظҵй
ҲԿظҵձĸ˾Ѿкܶɹ
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̸WTO˿ܻʣWTOûй͹Ĺ涨̹ʵؽ
WTOûһй͹Ĺ涨ûһ漰ҵУWTO
йӰ뵽ÿ˵ѪҺ֮СWTOǾó׺Լһֱ
ΪκԼΪձīȹҶǾú
Լûκ塣йԣΪйǹң
ܵһʱΪĺԼйƺȻͬ
ڸϾϵĺԼʵʩǾϵ⣬
йƺ̬Ӱ졣䷨ɲƵ룬ıй
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йڽȨ֮ڴ½Ĺҵҵнһհչᱣ
ϵ͹۵˵ά˴½İʹ½йȨ
κ;÷籩ڴ½ÿ֮½Ա
ԸҵҪԭҲǲʧȥᱣƵδá
ᱣϻƴܴ⣬Ҳӹйȫ
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ڲҵᣬҵҵĿӮͶҲΪӮ׷Сĳɱ
ְ͹ҵСĸ壬ҵ׷ͬʱ
Լõ޶ȵͳΪΣƽͱ
֤ȶչһҪ㡣йԳǹ˽׼ʱйĹ
йĸӹҴûйΪй͹ȡκı
෴йǷ֧йǶôֵ


йĸ￪ŶʮĽ죬˽˾Ѿռйȫõİ
֮ʮйʱ뵳ȴܾ͹֯ɹᣬܾ͹
Լ棬йķҲûκһ͹ķɡкܶ
ı͹ķɣڡ¡Ҳдһƪй۸
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ÿ˼ܻرܵ⡣йΪȶȨΪάͳ
ΣΪԼļ棬Ȼزܱ͹档ִߺҵ
ߵʱôܻᱣ͹ƵȺ壿͹
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ˣ͹ȨԾøĸ屻ˣִΪԼȶͳΣ
Ϊ˵ʱ໥ᣬ͹棬
͹ȨɥʧйĿǰ״ߣ
ôָȥ䵱͹ıߣųǻı


йWTO͹Ȩô

ĿǰйиֵǵйӪҵյʱ
ͶʵĿҵԱ͹ԶԶԭ½Լ
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ŷޣķɶ͹һķɱⲻҵ
ҵʴȶ͹˶ĳɾ͡ķȫԵķɡΪ
ֻҪһҵĿع˾񣬰ķɣ
ȨȥǺ⣬˰ջҪ
ķɡҲһЩҵںӶǳ͹
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йWTOڷƶȲϻȫƣر
˾ơй̬ȻǺʣʵѾ޷
ִֹ롣źͿ˾й͹ƶȱȻ
ҪйҪ˵ǣϾй½Ŀ˾
ҵȻԼҪ󣬳йɵ©ѹե͹
ҵұԵıȻйĿǰѾ˽˾ռڷϣй
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ĳϽյйѾɻΪѾ͹׼
ı仯йĸ￪ŵһɲǾѾɡɱǣй
һɱʵԸӸ޶ɣ÷ɳΪ͹ĸ
йWTOĳ̶ֳϽԴٽйӿ͹ɵƶͱ
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ġᷨɲȫִֻЧӦ
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ʶͱûнǮֶΣرǵҵΪһʱ
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ĳֽǶйĿǰаũ񡣼WTOδʮڣ
ϵũũҵΪҵ͹Ŀǰй״
оаǧоǴʵʧҵ֮Сйϱ
йعҵʡʡʵʧҵĳоռо50%ϡҲ
˵ʡݾнǧĲҵʧҵһܾ˵
ݡ޴ʧҵ˿ֻᷴ谭͹ƶȵķչϾǵһ
ҪӴʧҵΨһҪ棬ǳԷ㿴
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ҪøŻݵ߸ɵķͶˣҵڵصķչ
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ʯϾйԣȶѹһеĿꡣѹ
飬͹ȸ׵ҵ壬Ҳ
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̹ʵ˵ҶйWTOֹ̬ȣǱۡ
WTOйδг棬κ˶ɷϵʵ
йʲô̬ȣʲôµ׼WTOйһ
Ѿ׼һУҸ˵ĿйʲôҲû׼̸е
ʮʲôҲû׼ǱһäĿ̬ڼWTOһٵ
̬ʹWTO̸СйպԣWTOĳԶ
ԤƵҪҪҡڷƶϣǿԿйǺ׼
йѾǩWTOЭ֮󣬻ֱúͼõ
ʶ˾⡣йԣǶôΣյһʵ

һǶϿйȨWTO̬Ⱥ͵ƽӰй
δй;ϵũѸ˰߾ͺ˵йȨԻ
йȨΪһԶ壬йߵĵ
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Žһµģʵϵطȴֵ𣬱ҵ
ԡйĶ󣬼ȲǵطȨΣҲ뼯Ȩͳ
ΣͬԶһطϵЧʵ
һܵϻһ漯ţп⣬ʹ
Чȥĳ̶ֳϿ漰طĵط
彫谭йڼWTỌͬҲΪ谭͹
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й͹˶Ǹ޵ĹĿǰǳΣյĹⲻ
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ѡWTOйĳǾ޴ģ͹Ҳʱչ֣
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йWTO͹δȥ


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Ϊ˶ȫ¼ܻйִŷǵ˼ƶȸĸ
֣ӸȨձ鸯ۣһμר
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ڽûشרĿΪͷŲ
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ǻծأ֧֧ŵġԹҵͶΪ
ľҲ˵ǡ

ΪŵĲȻڶ𵽴̼õЧ
ҲʮԣʵߵʱԽþԽ
֧ʽҪͨ˰ջͨծＯ
ҵߵĸͼͶʧȥͶģʵ
Ҳʹ߼󡣾ѧҽ֧Ͷ
ٵЧӦͶԴڹ
ٶͬʱͶʵȴڹһ
ʵ˵ŲߵļЧӦйʮ

ŵļЧӦټϹҵͶЧ£߽һ
Ʊɾ÷չ󾢲㡣һҲΪйٶǰߺ
֤йȥȫΪٷ֮ˣĸֱΪٷ
֮˵һߵšߵߵһҡˣҵŤӯ
ȺͼʽλҲ»

йٵĹʻµһﲻнϴĸı䡣ȫ򾭼
£û̫ءйҪһϳʱ
άԳܵľٶȣŵĲ֮⣬ӦŬ
ڸĸͶƺʱгԹ˽Ͷʡ˰Դ̼ѡ
ȫηϵԼپûĲȷԵȷѰҸΪ˼
·


㾭òο

йҵ淢չξѧ 

硤

ڶҵӪҵЩĴӪҵҲ
Ҳɧ꣬йʮһ˳֮Ϊ
ҵʵйҶдҵйĴҵƺĳ
йγɵĻ̬Լҵҵжѡ
ΧĿǰξýṹʹҵֵ壬Ӷһһ
淢չı硣

ǿ

Դ19йʼей˾һĽƸС
νﾺʤ̭νġҪԼνġۡ
ͨʽĽӡͨй˵ǱʶУΪǵĺܶ
òƷжĻ

ֽƸеʹ£ǿ󣬾Ͳһһϵ
ҷչսѡ⣬Ϊһּ߼Ị̇еˣ
ƽ񣬶ԸΪǿ󣬶һСΪ˸κδۣ
˵ɣκԵ޶ȡ

ɴˣãں̶ܴгԷϵҲй
ΪǿΪݵĶνж󵨡жǼ˵
дգ˶ʽľø߳ҲΪйʮ꾭÷չĳ̬50Ժ
ļʮУеĿȣһ㶼Ρ˼еĿȸ١Щ
ҵֳЪ˹ֿȵ

ЩԺҲͬΪǵĻĿģ
ǸʱĻΪܶྭǸҵҵʥ
ܶҴ𡢴Ҵ˥˵ҵУǾܹҵ쵼൱
ĳλΰ˵βԺıԣհе˼ϵ
ΪԿ˼Աԣʹ֮˽ҵס
Ŀǰһҵҵ۹ľԡƺԼꡢ
ʱѾ֤й˴񻰣Լҵи񻰡

ǿ̺ʹ񻰵ļ£־һУ
ǵĸģǳչսԡǶκķչû
ġйξѧУ淴˳棬Գ棬Ƿ
޴롣ƺѾϰǵ̬ܲӰ쵽
ҵй˴һʼִҵѡ֣һֱļƻ
ãӳǼĸϳ̬Ǻ潫ҪӪҵ
֮ĹϵҲһС

ҡΡ̬սԼУѾ
Լ˴ҵɱ֡ȷڴҵĻӪʵ
Ļ֮䣬ĳԵͬԡַǷǣǿ᣿ʵϣ
ҵǿɾҵԼľ񣬻ձҵǿŶ
Ӿǿ϶µ򣬻ŷҵǿξ
õĻṹо˵ԡ

ԣżȻģζϵԭڣͬ
ϵζµԭڣִУŴԴ
ҵľӪں̶ܴģνṹһ̶
ҵṹǽ򵥵طй̬δʹҵѡ
Ƴɱսԡ

ֳݵĸԴ

йչһλģڲǵطĹԱ˵
ҪǾ÷չ֣Ȼ治ܳ£һ棬
ҪԴκҵңЧЩ
ԴǸûгɾκҵĿܡǣ˫һļϣһĻ
һĻҵҲҴҡҲҴҵĴϷ

ԱǾ÷ȻȦڣû
׷÷չʵ壬ˣֱӵ־һЩ򵥶и
֣ҲֵٶȡGDPһƸûֱӹϵĸ֮
ִ۾ѧԭԸЩ
ʵĹƸϵԱļָꡣŵ侭
ѧûʲôGDPоǲƸȨԴִƶ£
ԱѡȶȻȽԲ
ǣGDPͳ˱ŵĴʻ㣬ͨںͱ˵Ҳһֱ
۵ĸֶʲô߶ԾкӰ죬ǿܸ㲻
ÿ¡ÿȡÿGDPͳ֣ȴֻҪѧ˶Կö
ġ޷⾭뾭֮临ӵĹϵǼװGDP
ʾܷӳǰǷǡ

ԱҵҵĽ

ԱҪٶȣйطԱһйҶҪУΪ
̥ڼƻúͼҳ壬йԾسе˷չõȫΡ
ᶼܿԲźţԱҲȫʸеչ
õΣΪҪԴС˿ü
Դ⣬Ȩйķɹ¸ССĹԱ֧
ԴȨκˣ취ЧЩԴɵ
ӡҲʵϵĳɹ

ҵҵȻһ㣬ǹҵľӪҵľ
ҵľ⡣ЩͿ˾йĸ߼Ҳܿ
ؾ֪ˣѧԱ򽻵ҵɳĹؼڡӪ
ҵûгΪҵ֮ǰѾճ֪
ڷûжٱϵģҲûκԴɹɵãľӪ
뿪ĳڵʹ粽УĲƲҲȱķ
ϡˣӪҵ˳µѡǣһпѰı
̬֮УԶڹҵΪҵԼˣӪҵ
ˡԽԽСĽԽðо͸ӶЧؿ
Դ

ǣǿһַǳʵĽףԱΪҵṩ䷢չ
ԴԵΰţǹԱıṩ
ıΪرҵΪԱṩGDP֡ҵ
ڹԱҪЧã֡ȻǴ˴Ļɫɫϵ
ҵ˵ֳԹԱԱߵѹѹܲ
ֱӵģÿҵҶܸоõҵֻвϵرŵͷ
ΪصGDPĹףܹ뵽ԱҰԱпͶ
ұ۸Դṩĳ̶ֳȵı

ΪʲôҪ

ԱṩԴͱҲǸ߶ϡȱģҵң
ԱΪʲôҪԴҡҪңˣҵ봴עĿע
ܽԱҰעǳķչ֡ؼټҵ
ֵٶȶ10%ңûκ˻ע⵽ңܴﵽ50%
쵼ע⡣ȻҵĹģﵽ100ԪҲһ쵼ע
⡣ǣ淢չΪҵıȻѡԽǾҵңԽǾ
ֳ嶯

һ棬ҵҲʶܱعԱıǴģ
ҿΣյģΪǺܿܳΪعԱʣǿܱ
ĿǳĹԱУ⵽޶ȵãͷˣ
ҵҼܵøΧעѰ߲εı
עòԣҲǳķչٶȣͨý壬ʹ
ٶΪ֪ʵϣע;ĳֱЧӦǸ֪
ҵңôڷϵĵλƺһ㱣ϡҵҽ
ý񣬸һѰұԣΪҵֱ
ѰҵĹزԡ

ڹҵľ˵ֵһУֵͳ־ߣ
ôֵǷΪҵ˲Ƹ󣩣򲢲Ҫ
ЩƸҲԼʵԱҲĲƸ״ûУ
ѧҶЩֵĺ壻һľѧң
˹ĲƸҶװЩ۵ݾ͵ڲƸڴ΢۵
۵ѧ̬ϣֵ֡GDPֻʾԼļ
ֵ

˵Ӫҵ˵ҵԼģӦøԼʵ
ƸӦƵʵʵڵǲֵıǡȻĿǰ
ξýṹŤֵ̬Ϊͬ뵽У
ȹҵ׹øΪڷϸֻͨ쳬
ֵעʱϧα֣ȡȫСҵľ
Ϊ٣Ӫҵ֣ΪԼڹԱ
ĿеķЩҪѾҵиǿҵ
ֵĳ嶯ΪܸǴг߱ԴЩҲܸ
ṩķܸı֮άֳ棬
ԱʧȥȤ

Щҵǵ׷εģǵεģΪǷ֣
ƺЩֶԼڴʵʵڵ
ġǾĹĴúȻʱעĹ⻷ͱʧ
еļ尾Щҵǻƽɳ̲ϵؤӵһУȻ
Ϊǽȫ塣

ʹ۲

ǰĺƽս˶ 

ԡ

һֱŷʷϵĺƽս˶ΪƳıߣ911ֲϮ
ŷٶķսʾȴ㲻ǰسĬˡ

ƽ׷Ŀ꣬ûܹ񶨺ƽߵֵ
ǣƽ岻ζϹ㳡ںţһľ̬ȣ
һͼԸɥĲ֮⣬˰սһ
̬ӿƽԣƽԹ档ڴˣ
ȻΪԼһƽߣֻǲڽзսȺΪʹ
ֶλúƽкܴġ

ŷƽȴˣ˹̹֮Ϊսĺƽ
ߡ˵һģǾԵĺƽߡ˵
ЩԻ˵ΪԼĿĵˣһҶ
Ա˵ҼȫͬʵصЩ۵㡣ȻЩͼ
ɱ߰һҵͬıңΪˣһ
ǿҵĵֿһ˵ߵѡ

ڱ߿Ŀǰصķս˶ʷϵĺƽ˶бʵ
ȣԵĶ󣬲ǹȥЩһΧȨ
ǱʹҷȨֲֹϮƽ
ʷΪ˳Ƶһ㣬ֹǿΪִӵأ
ֹֺʹȨΣ911μӺƽսʾǣ
Ϊ911ʹġΪƽǵǣҲнڽ
޵Ŀֲ֧֯ߣֳӵĸ̬

һͷĺƽߣҪڿֲв֮µ˷ǵ
Ȩ׵ġɵģȴδǵµġΪˣͼع˺ƽ
ʷӽĺƽս˶ֲͬĺƽۣ
ֻвͬķս

һԺƽߣڽʿ

˹ָ̹ġԺƽߡҪǻ̵һ֧
ɡڻ̡ԼҪͽĵˡᳫںƽ
ߴԻ̵ĽѻҮͻ֤ˡ1815꣬ϵһƽЭ
ɽѻԱŦԼǳڽɣܾһʽı
ڵĶκξжսֱΪķսߡ

ʮŷĺƽ֯ԱԴľ޴飬ȥ
ƽս˹̹˵ѻߵԭ
رڹУǵӰ켫Чʥøġƽ
ʡܺõر˻ͽǵ

ϵۣҳΪƽĹߣ
ðȥޡ

911ֲըǵδˣŷؽöڽʽ
Ϊ׷˼һپɲԣ԰֮
еĳޣڽǶǲҪԱױ»
κвͬĻޣҪΪЯŬ
ƽ

ڷԸ棬̱ȻߵøԶ̽ϧһҲ
ֲӵش̵911¼󲻾ã˸ʲ
ͳһ⹫ţǿԱױֻ޺ͷŭһλطͽ׫
ʹߣʲôͬҵ͹Щƽ˵ͷϣ
ֻʲôֱҵ͹ֻصת಻ĳ
ޣԩԩ౨³ʲôʱŻһһѣڸͬ
ܵʱ̣̳Ժ˵Ĺâҫȫ磬Զ
ǲſӵһûб˼á

ڲı߿ƽսǻӵ
͸Щߡ֮ߡƽߡ
ܴﵽ̾ģЩɱķͽڽ̼ǵĽ̻岻νã
ǣܽü޵ʵ

밢սʱ˵͸ԻԺƽʽ
ǣչƽԻʹ׼ĿֲԶ
سɷ𣿿Ҳò취̨ɽƴʦҲ
Ϊõİ취ǶԻؽֲ̿ӷȱ֮ս
ͶʳȼƷ񡣡Ÿлֲӵƴʦһ̫
˽⣬׺ݵӰϰտʳģȨ
ѹʾʳۣǮġʵڽ
Ҫµöࡣ

Ϊ˳еƽʵΣʱǲɱġʥҲᳫ
ȱĺƽΪǽǸѵĿ޺йĹ˵ߣ
Ҳʥ˲ѶΪ֮ʷﱻɱ˵¼
ΪǷΣʹҲìȻֹ̽ɱҲ
ۣΪֹײ߼ɱһˣǶϧ
ʹڷ¸

ھԺƽҲһЩڽǷĿҲ
ʼʵϷǴͼͼͺͼλŵƽһ𷢱֧
ȫԿֲ塣˵Щﷸ뱻ָϡͷ
ҲشκжӦڹʷִ֮С

е£οֲ¼ʹ˲ͬڽ֮ĹͨͶԻ
˹ҲǴԭֲּӵУ˹̰úƽ


˹ɡĺƽ

˹Į˵Ψкƽдµʷƽ
ŷ޵˼Դ׷ݵո˺˶׷ݵŷ޽һ
ΰң˹ӡ̩¬ͱߡ

ŷ޺ƽ֯Ӣ飭Ʋ1840׶ؿʼġ
λӦΪйסΪڹǿҷӢй
ѻƬսΪ˹ߣλʲ׼μͼͨ
óɡϳʳ˰ֶΣӹȡޣȷƽ

һɵĺƽǾֹսϸͺ
ԵѪȴս٣Щɵĺƽ뼴𡣶Ϲ
ΪάƽȨƽ֯㷺ɺƽ
÷ǱķʽִǲΪӦָЩȵֿˣ
ԹȡرʩԴʹƽȨʵ֡

ĺƽս˶һȳţֱʮԽսʱڲٶ
𡣽죬Ŀֲӣŷʿ
ӷսᣬսͷɶʿ911¼ıͬ
鷴Խսзͳ䣬γɵͻ֮⣬
ɰ֪ʶɵ񵳣ȫ֧ͬı̬
Ϊ˲ϧ䳤ڷеߡڵ귴ԽսĴӪʮ
ǰ߹ұԽ졢ļѧ䣬Ҳ
졣

˵ŷɾͲźƽˣ෴Ǳκʱ
ʹкƽȻЩɲͬھڽϵľԺƽߣ
ʶֲӵļΣԣֲ֪ǵû\"Ի\"ʣһ
ζսܴɺƽ

ոʱ˹ᳫɡͨ
սǰıԼϣݿ֪ʶͳάͱʾӦԴݻ
аľϺƽ뿪ܹаľڣƽ޷õġ
Ŀǰŷɵ֣ǶʵԿ

սŷɵʢ

һֱ׷оٰĺƽսᡣһȤķǣ
Ŀǰķս˶ֹͬһΡһͶڡ㳡Ϻ
ڷ¹ʿȹأٺ캰ںŵʾ
ɡ¹嵳ϯĬ͹ҪõԱ
ͬ߻μӺƽս˶սгŷɵ̨¶һ
ʢա

ǺĿںţСսֺ֧ƽһ󣬸
ҪսҪȫ塱ּȫ򻯵ĻG8ֲ
塱ĺ¹Ҹ˹ۿԴŷ֪ʶӵĿ
Ҫ볹ֲ壬ͱı主ԣҺ͵Ĺϵ
˴̸ϱͻ͸֮ĳͻ⡣

ŷ޺Ӵڱڲк塢
˵άȺУһо⣬Թʱ
¶ǵ桢Ƭɵһ档Ϊϱͻʵ
ƽֹͣ԰ľ´ֲӾͻӴϴֲɣЩ
ʵĺƽ롣

ƽģֲȻԴҲ
Դʹȫƶ࣬ȻԵļʡ̰Ұģ
ԶķƶȻǳͻһԴһζѿֲ¼
Ϊƶ׼ĳͻͻΪа߿ѡ

ǰѿֲΪӣΪ˲ȥҧˣȫ
һԸĽ͡ػ˹´־ıǣ˼Ĵ̣
׼·߻֣Ӧڴʲ׼һⷸҹӣڰӪկ
ֲ֯ȴðĶͯڲˣӲȥ˹
ܵĻ⣬ɱ޹ƽǵĻȫΪȡ
ƽȸԣڹϧ˶Ϊ֮ο911¼
ߣƶײ㡣ɼԽ׼۽Ϳֲԭ
ǲ̫ܹվסŵġ䣬Ǳ˼Ϊɡ͡ɳ
ߡ

һЩųơйɡˣϳ䵱ֲ绤ʿģ
ڱķΧ֮УǲɵȴϵŷᲢۡ
̨ɿһᣬ硰̨ٽƽᡱУ壩
Ǳǣжͳʲڰʱɷ
ʷͥбǡھУʲڷͥм磬˶̹
дʲŵ˵ԮǽܡоӴˣ
粻ڲ֮С

ĽֿνҸֻ̨֮ûشһСС⣺
˭ǿͺܷͥУ

ģĺƽа

ɣŷս˶ɽ캣ǰеģˡ
Ϊ飬ԸʱԼ㼣
ӵи˳ɵŷ޺ļ顢ԺҲҪͦ
˳֮ϵĻ֡

ɷս˶һͳͻӢѧǰͳֶٵ
Ůжڲţѧǵķսһŭ֮£
һȺӢѧӢѧսϴһ911ֲ
¼жΪӢķս˶еʹ;ɥ

ûָŷѧԺƽ⣬ǵĵȱ
ʵ˼ȴԶ׼ġǷԡۻۡߺս
Ǵ𰸡ⲻ֪ʹаζȻõİ취ûҵ
ȱķս᲻õķǷּΪ
ˡԱ񡱵ٴڿֲըأ

һԱʹµģһΣըóģ
ɱǵˡʲôҲûһΣըóģ
ɱǵǧˡȻʲôôһΣǾͻ
ѧͿɱǵˡ

Σǿɰ޷ԵĿܺں
ƽаĻ룬ڶߵȻͬ飬˿ԭּĩ
ԣҪʵ˹ͳΡɱһСͽΪ
ĿЩҲ֪׹󡱵˻ᷢƯԴǣ
֪еεļ

ݰؿѧѧ֯һɸȫԷս˶
Ϊսһս壬ǺҪ
ѧķսЧӴˡдѧƽ˶ʷ
˰Ǳ߱ȢĸĶ˹ǰȴһ
Ҫʵǰѷսᵱ´ʷɶԡ

壬Щ˲ǷսǷ

ձйʱһݶġƽ
˶ķȫʾҲɴӻ챩¼
ƽս죬ǿԱͼõġ

һЩҺ˹־סķսᣬʵֻܳΪ
ʾΪǰһйġ񡱣ԱǷĿ
ս١ʥսʵϡʥսǾ
Լ꣩ɱ˵ġʥս߳屯飬Ȩ
˹ʵƽÿ֪ʶ¸ҵ
ҷʡ

ƽս˶Ȥһ档һЩڱʵйҿֲѹ
ߵĹңҲдʴ̸𡰺ƽˣ̹˻ǹѹԼ
йһ١СĺƽĴսй
ҲŭķʹͶŭԽϣ䵳Ҳ
սһѡȨԼı֣Ҳָ
ԡƻƽɡѭ

ЩֲҲٲȻƽʿ򸴺ԣÿ춼
ȺȨñηķأͱǿֲûʲô


ս˶

ܾ뵱ǰս˶ɫɫӣս˶ǹ
Ӳдı֮Ը⿴ģԣⳡ˶Ķ
ԪֻҪƲڴӰ練ֲľģĿǰķֲս
δĺƽ裬һ塣

ȣֲͬķսʱʱڽ
شƹݵĸȻսĿǰǱѡμҲܵ
ϵֻۣܲȨȡʩƽ˶ս¶
ºܴʹȨ˱ָ߶ȿƣܱ޹
۵ؽ԰ƽһĿ꣬һֿܣ
뾡ܿƣԼٱ

Σ㷺ĺƽ˶ʵĺƽԸƽ
ص⣬μҶԳеŵʶģ
ƽһ˻һáȫҰԸŬ
ĽΪ˺ƽǲòȥ˽ͻԴ˽ڽ̿ȵķ
ԣ˽ҰоԼ֮񡣷ս˶
Ҳҵķ˼ѧϰӱ˵⣬Ӷ
һȫҰաƽǿͬ岻ͬڽ̵໥
⣬ѧϹ档

ٴΣⳡƽս˶ŷ˹ȨҲǺ
õġڱ߾סŷ˹Ⱥ塣911¼һ
ǣɴ۳ûڼŵĵ911
֮ɴģ£ÿһ˹ֶǿֲӡ˹Ҫ
е˹ֺ񶼸ϵһĵȥʱ̣һ
ߵͦݣɶԼҵɴһ
á

֮Ȼ϶ⳡ쳣ӵĺƽս˶ΪͲ
ƬġһģĶԪԡΪ̵Ŀֲӱ
ȥսʤҲţƽѰ⣬ĵޡ



