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ڡһ١ʮ塡ڡ




2000.4.14sd0004a
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ŴִεķҰ

˼Ų˼ߵݡΡ

֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡
й½һԵʼݵ־ּڴƵ
ǰ½Ϣѹơӭκֶνзҵƺʹ
Ըṩţַǣģ
磮ǽÿڵ־Щַ־ʲô
ͽ飬ҲַͬʱϣͶƼģ
磮־ĵַܱ仯֡

֡лзҵƺʹ

עΪ˽Լǲıʽñ༭кĶ
֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡֡


ŴִεķҰ




ȥεоͨĶǺĽжεݽ
ʷġ̬۷ŵڵġѧ¸ֻעҳ
룩һǡǡһࡣü򵥶̵ԽʾδӹŴ
ݽĶ̡̬۶ξر塣

εݱһḶ́ҲϵسһЩͻ䡣Ҫ
ڲͬ׶еĲͬʣĳֶַʽоǺбҪ
ġλΪŴִõĳ߶ȡ
ʵʣҪضʷҪҳνĽ׶ص㣬
ӶǶΣǶԽε⣬ҲǴִ
ŴеЩҰء

ŴΣ˼ڹŴռλΣӦѧ
ĻơŴεǾרƣҲΪŴ
רƣڹŴûרƶɡܷɺȨ
ƵרȨͳΡĻŴλ϶רƵΣֻг̶
Ĳѡв̫ĿרƣǼı˵ר
ŴεĵʹŲж顣

ǷִһλִΡִ춹
εĺĳ֡Ȼִ
βɵΣԹ͡ΪԽ
ԽΪִεһҲͬû顣˵ִ
ĵʹεʷֳɹŴִ࣬ζ
֮ڵϵִȻйŴεż

ʵϣִеĻҪڹŴѿ磬
ǧǰѳϣֻЩҪڹŴռҪλ˵
βڿȥŴεġװϡģǴӹŴε
ġ۹ŴִεķҰζŹŴִ֮
һϡŴҲִεѿȻ
ִ֮͡йŴרƱ֮ʵ

Ŵִεķˮ˵Ƿ1718͵һ
Ӣġٸһһ֮ıֳصĸǰ
ϵһϵһϹ͡Ǳ
еִĲ

һ͵רΪŴεһ͵ɵ
ΪִεᣬŴִξЩҪĲأ

ڹŴαΪǵһԵģ߲εĻڹŴ
УͨһһԪġһͳġٷεߵ룬
ֻΪһɹٷ涨ܶκһԪͻ
۵ͨ⵽ͷɱεһ
ͳһбȻķλַλĽ֮һۺ˼
÷ġҪԣ˳Ӧ룬
δ˼ִᣬ׷רȨԼαװ
ŷޣִʱᱻĳ˵ĿֵרɱΡ
ҳ2Ȩ`Ƚ⣬ҰС1936˹ְ䲼˾˵
ȽܷΪάṩ˴ȨͱϡʵϾڰ䲼ⲿ
ܷͬʱ˹üеֶζ߲ʿСϴɰ
ĳǹ20͸ּȨʽֵרƹһ
鳡ʽ붼Щ鶼
ʧˣѾǴҹϵʵҳ5

ִΪвһĵλֻǵڶԵģ
ģǹʵп֮µһֻ֧
ĿܣβξΪ෽ṩ
ȴ򱣳һľ롱ҳ2ִεĳ㲻ǹ
`ĳ룬ʱĿҳ78ִ춡Ԥ裺
κιﶼʽƱʹ乫ܹԼ
ԸһǣĴ󲿷ݲΣ
Ĵ󲿷ݲ硣һжΡ˵׼ȷر־
ȡεͼıҳ103

ִУ֮䶼ǸŸŮʿ֮ϵ
ֻһԪ־ͬϵͬ־ϵִҪƶӦ
Զ֮֮ġԣϣִΡֻ
һַҵʹܹ˳زϷҳ105)

ŴΪһֻһ룬һȨģֻά
εȶִΪһԪȶ׵߸ֻнڶԪ
ֵۺͶԪȨ֮ϵг־õȶڹŴ˿
ֱ˵ȨͶԪִǼģʵĹ
ԶȹŴĹǿʢ־á

У˵ĵλҲǲͬġڹŴֻΪĴڣ
صġĴڱȻҪԣȨλ
йسΪٱλִУΪ˵Ĵڣ
Ǵ˽ҪԣȨλڹŴ˽˽֮
ûзĽޣִÿ˵˽˽֮ȷķɽޡ
ִεġ춸徫зչ¸ԽԽƾ
ĲܺǱؽɳλáҳ
43-44)ִŷΪĵþȡΪҵ
ֻ`ǱϺƽʹܹԼļƻҳ41ִר
ε춡ǷϹ˽֮Ľޡҳ3ר
ңеһжר˽һֱȨߵеҳ107)
ŴǶռ¢ϵΣִǹ͡Ρ`

ڹŴǴΪҷеõԵ㡱ڹŴ˿
ҲǼ˽ģΪһֻš桱ִ˿
桰ָ˽ĻƷ£ָΡΪ
ᡰҪԱеһΣҪԼΪ
˵ĸѰ棬ζžܾͷǹĺͰദ
ˡʵû̸ϰˡҳ
49)

ڹŴУǽһγͻյֶΣǿȨǹר
ıǣʵϻǷ϶ڶͳ߲ƺȨ
սΩһġûйᣬûзԵûвƵ
Ž磬ûж˾޷˽вƲǿȨᡣһ仰û
ֻۣרͳߵҳ3)רƵ塰Կ
άϵϦģ޳ҳ1ԣûһŴĻʵۺִר
ڶȡɽ֮뵽ǷҪѡٵķʽͳεͬ⡣

ŴεصǡεϷҪΪע״һֱ
18ִ͡Ĺңμҿ϶Ϊִ
ᣬֻרȨŻ῿̶ӺͽʼάͳΡҳ34
άｲһ£һڼʱʳʩˡ
д̡˵ǣǸģҰ
ΪȨҳ105ɼŴǴΣ־
սΡŴεļǣһҵͳֻڽѹ
еľֺŻᰲȫͬʱ±ѹߵı뷴ѺµĶֵ
ֶڼȵĿ־֮С

ִǸԵΣ벻ս·ѣ±
ѣִǾѵΡ1931걳ѹ
ڹŴκִר£ɲҪ˵࣬ǱϷѵ
ѹҵųꡣִǵµġݵΣ
Ҽ֣֮Ҫĳ䱣־Եҳϣÿڲ
֮ͬͬѡԣִεҪصǽ
ڽɻ֮ϵΡִεġǲͬ磬Ҫ
ͱжһһǶһȨֻԼԻ
һǼȨģҲרҳ73

ԹŴεĹ۲Ŵξ춹Ŵ
ҵξܴʱյγȿִģʡֵ֧š
ƶȰźзʽϣǹŴġϽӹŴ
εת䣬ʵǴӶרת䣻ֻҪʵлר
ȨתȻûɡ




˼Ų˼ߵݡ

Ρ

ʲôΨʷ۽̵˵ǴԼ⹤ߴͶ
ʱʼתҾġʵͶ˻˼롣ν˼룬
Ȼ벻ɵʶġʹͶֲͲɼ
ʵ˶ӣ֫Ҳţһľءа
͵ĴʷġȨԡȻдȨ
ɺȫȨȨǲеģɷָġǻ
Ϊ࣬"±СֻǱһֽṹʣ
άϵ޷ִڵıʵġǾࡣûһ
ܹһȰɺϡԣϣ
ӵĵطͬĳɣ

˼룬Ҳ˼룬ڽūۡɵʵϵԼ
Դʹľʡû˼롣˼ǷʵʵģǶڼȴ
ķ񶨡һ˼״أͳߨDD³Ѹ
ȨߡȨߡʱҲơμҡDD˼롣һ
ݽ˵

μϲ˼ҷϲ˼Ҫ룬Ҫڣǰ
Ҳȷûʲôû˿ڡҿеĺӣ
ǵ죻ҪǾڲһǸ
ߣķԸǵı׼ҪҲֻȥ
˼룿

ɴоʽĻ˼Уж⡰˼롱Ͳ
˼롣ʶ̬˵˼룬ǲܳ˼ģΪȻʧȴɵĺ˼
ǸģƵģʵģͳġ

ӵ˼൱飬Ҳڡʱ
ںڰͣѾ͸ʮּܵӰ棬
ͽ֡˼â¶Ȼ漴Ϊ뽣ķΧȴȻͱˡ
ɮ޷Ԥϣҹ۵Ĵͳһ˼Ĺһձ
ֹʹ˼ڸΪĵشɺͷӡ
šȨʱĵ˼뽫úεȻԾ
˼ߣȻ߳رж׻αװϢٵڽ̲
˵ˣ

ȻʵϣŲڽУûһֹͣʱ·
խȫϣ

⵽սǱȻ顣ĽôԸʱȺ
۶أȨʼռʷλǵĸһ㶨
Ȩ־˼ߣȴΪңǿDD
˫˭ҲϾ˼ӱ

ʷȷ˺ܴ仯Ȼֱ仯˵ײڡԭ͡
ѡŴѧĲˡѧĲ֪ʶѸ
ӦأȨҲøΪУǿˡȨ
ԴУרϣյɴȨ˹ֵάȨǶڱ
ͽġ̫ڡӪرͥѶʹ
㹻ʹ̴󷨹ٵμ穡Ȩߺ˼֮
䣬ŴòԵƽ͵֪ʶӡǸЩʲôǾ
ƵĻеֹڹۣܷ޶Ϊ˭ã
ʶڱϣһ񡰸
ŷ塱ģŪһͳǩķǳұ
й涨ܷ涨ķ޶ƸɣƱ
ȨɣƽͼȨַ˽ʼ籨
绰ͨűȨѲլûղƲƲƲȨƵ
ǷɷѧҵΣǲö֪ͨС
ģ˵ȫĳ㡣Ƚ˹1936䲼ܷҪ
ׯϵö࣬Ȼһ꣬Ϳʼģ෴ˣ

ԽȨ߶֪ʶߵĴҪطһǴѧ
һų硣֪ʶӳɶѵĵطпܳΪ˼ĲΪй
ִʷת㣬˶Դһѧһڿ

ն᯵Ļ¼롷Ī˹ƴѧϸļ
һΰѧУ繱׳һͷԵΪ˶Ըǣ
ίԱ֮ࡣ˼ഺǿµġϣո
ѳ˷Ϊʧһڶȡꡣ˵
¹ӦȮһݣ۹Ƥһͣ²
һܹЩʲô߱ǲ߱˼롣19334£
涨ѧѧϻᣬμĸͶ¼
ѵʦҲͳһ֯ƹԱп̵ѡѵ19331934
꣬ɴ⵳ڴѧһϴ˶1/6ĽʦƸȴְ
˼ǣ󲿷ֽھ̬֧ѧң80йѧ
˹㷺ӰĴʦɳܵĺ¸ڸٱѧУְ
ʱ˵κν˼룬ķԪױˣֻ
ǵ¹ںδʵеķ򡣡˹ֶԴѧĿһܡ
߽̲16ְ˾У˼ͳƷĴ󳬹ѧƵĽΪ
νǡ͸ΪǲܲƶȵļȨʵġ

Ȩ޲ʶ̬ϣĲ
ǹ˵ǽʹõġ(propaganda)һʣ
ĴרŻݻɼ˼Լ
˼Ŀƣ͵Ųͼ顢顢飬Ѿ൱
ˣĿ¼ίԱᣬڽ̷ͥһպաǣڵʱ
ֻǽУɴ¹񻶽һʢǴδֹġ1933
510գʱֵҹǧѧ߾ٻ棬еֺ鱤ѧ
Ĺ㳡㳡ϣСɽ鼮ǰѻӽѣȻӲһ
ٲϵذӡͳƣɵ鼮20000ᡣɴ⵳
֮һֶԴѧ˵Ǹɵúãҹ֮ʰѹȥľ֮һ棬
һǿġΰĺжĴѧǣҲʾ
ˡա³Ѹѹ񵳷˹ӳϣĻɶ
ףʵʼүүġ塱ҲʧΪΰľֻ֮Ǵ
˴Уʫдġӻδɽңԭ顱ǳЦ
˾ٵ޴ġڵӳ൱Ľ죬ǲиֵɣͷ
ϣռ䵳ͽǣЩߣƾǵ֪רᣬ
һսϣ

֪ʶʲôأǲЩɳʯϣԻ͵ʥ
ȻҲۻķءΪ˱ڿƣ¹1933˵¹
ܻᣬϽѧ֡ӰϷ硢㲥ŵ߸Эᡣܻ
̹涨ɹ쵼ΪȺ壬ʵϵٷܻ֯ἰ
ЭľָʾԻԱǾзЧġʹռһŹ
ߣμ֯֯ζֹͣݳ򷢱ƷһŹ
ͲʵƱ֤ҲŪҲͬʵռ֯ʱ䲻粻٣
30Ҳʷɺϰգϴڼ䣬һ׿Խ
ʫʧˡǾҺǰӵ˹⣬Ȼ㱣ּ
ĬҲѻЭġεĴٿ
Ͱޣ˹ݶɿˣйִ٣ʫ
޴Ļ֮⣬๤ˡ͸ġ˹Եߵ쵼λ
սѧ繫ϵȨѧ⣬Լصˣ
ͨĲþϣպһڵ¹ҲĻ
ٲߡеģȷʵεĵط˼ټ
Ȼʱ񾭹Լ鹹ӰҲǳе¡˹
跢һ˹ֵĹţǴпһŻ硢Ψ
ƢθĶ˹ҡͱƤǿˡƶȶ䭡÷
Ҷ¡лǿƷ򡭡ôˣɹٷָˡ
ͬһֲ֪һ߿˹أ
1990귢෴ʱڵһͳƽ£

1.1936ĩѱѺڼ͸ӪеԼ500

2.19371193812£Լ800ˣԼ100˱
Լ200͸ӪУ

3.1938ףԼ100ˣ͸ӪԼ700ˡ

Щ֣ũҵ廯˶ͼбšȥˣ
Ҳ˺19391953䱻͸Ӫϣ
˵ֲõϵۡڶϾͿһ㡣ھ
˼Ļˣɴ⵱ͬǳģʼʱĿݣȡк
İ취ڹΪܷɱߵ1938ף
˴845000ˡ˹̹ϣ˹
ϣ֡񡢻˺Ĭŵ뿪˵¹أΨ
ڹڣѵغĵɡ

ֲ˼˼ӱȺ;УȴȻǿر
Լԩ·˼һ죬ݾֻһʽڱ
ǽġո˶еĹϣ񡢹ѵ
ʷ𣿶ʫΪӱٵ飬һȸԼ
ʫ˸⣬Ҳͷȥˡ¹ܼҰͶգ1927
ܽսսʿھ޴ׯصıʯսµ
ˡʹͷŭԽȥΨȱҪֵĳߡȻ
ӱܵջӲɴ۾1935꣬ˡй³
Ѹڡүĵдģ任ʹʺͷһ
ƽսʿ붫ͳȨԵĺǵսƣң
á㡱Ϊ˱˼·ǰ˵гһ
ͷүȥġǽʱҲԤ벻Ļ
һƪֻʣһͷ۶˭벻ңйͷġ˼ǹͷ

ֹڵȺͿֲ˼֪ʶӣǺ˼ֵ
ġԼ˼ɱ˼֮УʱΨʱſʼݡֻ
˼ѲΪ˼룬ʶ̬Ȩεһˡս
󣬰˹̹ܾͬ¹ָϵѧڣһ˼
ɵġΪ¹֪ʶӨDDΪһDDǵ
Ϊñȱͽö١˼֪ʶձݡΪ
һӰġԣ˹19455
ɴսܣ񻶣ӵףʱȴɥشͷ­衰һ
¹ˡ˵ʹ˼⣬ͬڵ¹ζ
ʲôھĥ֮Ҫȹٺڰ£ʡ
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