Included among the physical signals used by the cat are the following:
Visual signals - ear position, eye position, degree of eye-opening, tail movement, hair bristling, mouth-opening, bearing and walk, body patterns (tufts of hair on cheeks , color).
Vocalization -there are sixteen different vocal patterns used by the cat. These can be catagorized as murmur patterns, vowel patterns and strained intensity. The murmur pattern ("purr") indicates a friendly, relaxed state. The vowel pattern ("meow") is used to solicit care or express frustration. Strained intensity ("hiss, growl - scream") is heard during attacks, defense and mating.
Scratching - is sometimes used as a sound signal.
Olfactory signals - the cat marks by urinating, and with scent glands located in the tail(caudal gland), forehead (temporal gland), lips (perioral gland), chin and anal area.
Tactile signals - licking. nuzzling. rubbing, pawing.
Threat display - the cat uses threat displays to avoid actual combat. These are particularly expressive and varied. Slight changes in the degree of fear or rage will bring about corresponding changes in the display.
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