Dachau-  concentration camp located in Bavaria, 12 miles northwest of Munich on the Amper River, a tributary of the Isar.  Dachau was one of the three camps set up in 1933 to form the nucleus of a concentration camp system:  Dachau in the south, Buchenwald in central Germany, and Sachsenhausen in the north.  Known during World War II as one of the worst and most notorious camps, Dachau was the scene of he medical experiments carried out on hundreds of inmates.  In 1941 and 1942 some 500 operations were performed on healthy persons.  Inmates were subjected to malaria experiements and immersed for long periods in cold water to test the effect on their bodies.  Among those killed in Dachau were captured American airmen.  After the war the camp commandant and guards were tried before an American tribunal and sentenced.  Physicians who performed medical experiments at Dachau were also brought to the trial.

     In the postwar era, Dachau was opened to the public with support from the Bavarian state government and the International Committee of Dachau Survivors.  More than 2.6 million visitors, two-thirds of them non-Germans, visited Dachau to wander silently through the gray grounds and star at the cold ovens.

Dawes Plan-  A report on reparations issued by a committee headed by Charles G. Dawes on April 9, 1924.  A very severe economic problem was a contributory factor leading to the rise of Hitler and the Third Reich.  Article 231, the war guilt clause, of the Treaty of Versailles, which held Germany and its allies responsible "for causing all the loss and damage" of World War I, was used as a basis for imposing reparations.  In January 1921 the Allied Supreme Council set the figure at $56 billion.  This sum was reduced to $16 billion in May 1921.  The inability and unwillingness of the Germans to meet the annual installments led to French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr in January 1923.  Then came a crippling inflation and economic collapse.

     The Dawes plan was designed to balance Germany's budget and stabilize the mark.  The recommendations included

1. a sliding scale of payments for five years ranging from $250 million to $625 million
2.  the return of funds from mortgages on railways and industries and a transport tax
3.  the return of funds from mortgages on railways and industries and a transport tax
4. restoration of German fiscal and economic unity

The Germans were irritated by the plan because it called for foreign control of their finances.  Most discouraging of all, the Dawes Plan set no final total of indebtedness.  Germans felt that they would have to continue making large payments without knowing how long they were to pay.  The Dawes Plan helped solve the immediate problem of inflation, but it gave political ammunition to such critics as the National Socialists.  In his speeches Hitler hammered away at the fact that Germany was still subject to the control of foreign governments.

Denazification (Entnazifizierung)-  The immensely complicated tast of the Allies to eradicate Nazism after the fall of the Third Reich.  In the early months of occupation each zone commander, Russian, American, British, and French, proceeded according to instructions from his own government.  The Russians and French wanted summary removal of all nazis from public positions, while the British and the Americans, seeking to observe legal formalities, worked more slowly.  By 1946 the process of denazification had become more systematic.  In October of that year the Control Council issued a directive making a clear distinction between punishment of those who had committed war crimes and internment of potentially dangerous persons.  Five categories of Nazis were defined:

1.  major offenders (to be sentenced to death or life imprisonment)  
2. activists, militarists, or profiteers (to be sentenced to a maximum of ten years in prison)
3. lesser offenders, such as young men who deserved leniency (to be placed on probation for two or three years)  
4. followers who were nominal supporters of the Nazi regime (to be placed under police surveillance and obliged to pay a fine)
5. exonerated individuals, such as former Nazis who had resisted the National Socialist Government either actively or passively and who had themselves suffered from Nazi oppression.

     Denazification proceeded slowly.  In some cases those who deserved punishment were able to escape, but many others were arrested, found guilty, and punished.

Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (German Workers' Party)-  A small, obscure political group originating in Munich directly after World War I.  A remnant of the once powerful Pan-German Fatherland party, the new was founded by Anton Drexler, a toolmaker, and Dietrich Eckart, a journalist.  On September 19, 1919, Hitler became member No. 7 of the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei.  Its first public meeting was held in a Munich beer hall on February 24, 1920.  Although not yet the party leader, Hitler delivered an impoassioned speech in which he demanded that the program on the Twenty-five points be adopted.  In April 1920, the name of the party was changed to Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), the National Socialist German Workers' party.  The Text of the Twenty-five points contained the follows:

The program of the German Workers' Party is limiteed as to period.  The leaders have no intention, once the aims announced in it have been achieved, of setting up fresh ones, merely in order to increase the discontent of the masses artificially, and so ensure the continued existence of the party.

1. We demand the union of all Germans to form a Great Germany on the basis of the right of self-determination enjoyed by nations.
2. We demand equality of rights for the German people in its dealings with other nations, and abolition of the peace treaties of Versailles and Saint-Germain.
3. We demand land and territory (colonies) for the nourishment of our people and for settling our excess population.
4. None but members of the nation may be citizens of the state.  None but those of German blood, whatever their creed, may be members of the nation.  No Jew, therefore, may be a member of the nation.
5. Anyone who is not a citizen of the state may live in Germany only as a guest and must be regarded as being subject to foreign laws.
6. The right of voting on the leadership and legislation is to be enjoyed by the state alone.  We demand therefore that all official appointments, of whatever kind, whether in the Reich, in the country, or in the smaller localities, shall be granted to citizens of the state alone.  We oppose the corrupting custom of Parliament of filling posts merely with a view to party considerations, and without reference to character or capacity.
7. We demand that the state shall make it its first duty to promote the industry and livelihood of citizens of the state.  If it is not possible to nourish the entire population of the state, foreign nationals (non-citizens of the state) must be excluded from the Reich.
8. All non-German immigration must be prevented.
9. All citizens of the state shall be equal as regards rights and duties.
10. It must be the first duty of each citizen of the state to work with his mind or with his body.  The activities of the individual may not clash with the interests of the whole, but must proceed within the frame of the community and be for the general good.  WE DEMAND THEREFORE:
11. Abolition of incomes unearned by work.
12. In view of the enormous sacrifice of life and property demanded of a nation by every war, personal enrichment due to a war must be regarded as a crime against the nation.  We demand therefore ruthless confiscation of all war gains.
13. We demand nationalization of all businesses (trusts)
14. We demand that the profits from wholesale trade shall be shared.
15. We demand extensive development of provisions for old age.
16. We demand creation and maintenance of a healthy middle class, immediate communalization of wholesale business premises, and their lease at a cheap rate to small traders, and that extremem consideration shall be shown to all small purveyors to the state, district authorities, and smaller localities.
17. We demand land reform suitable to our national requirements.
18. We demand ruthless prosecution of those whose activities are injurious to the common interest.  Sordid criminals against the nation, usurers, profiteers, etc., must be punished with death, whatever their creed or race.
19. We demand that the Roman Law, which serves the materialistic world order, shall be replaced by a legal system for all Germany.
20. With the aim of opening to every capable and industrious German the possibility of higher education and of thus obtaining advancement, the state must consider a thorough reconstruction of our national system of education.
21. The state must see to raising the standard of health in the nation by protecting mothers and infants, prohibiting child labor, increasing bodily efficiency by obligatory gymnastics and sports laid down by law, and by extensive support of clubs engaged in the bodily development of the young.
22. We demand abolition of a paid army and formation of a national army.
23. We demand legal warfare against conscious political lying and its dissemination in the press.  In order to facilitate creation of a German national press we demand:  (a)  that all editors and their assistants, employing the German language, must be members of the nation;  (b)  that special permission from the state shall be necessary before non-German newspapers may appear.  These are not necessarily printed in the German language;  (c)  that non-Germans shall be prohibited by law from participation financially in or influencing German newspapers. . .It must be forbidden to publish papers which do not conduce to the national welfare.  We demand legal prosecution of all tendencies in art and literature of a kind likely to disintegrate our life as a nation, and the suppression of institutions which militate against the requirements above-mentioned.
24. We demand liberty for all religious denominations in the state, so far as they are not a danger to it and do not militate against the moral feelings of the German race.  The party, as such, stands for positive Christianity, but does not bind itself in the matter of creed to any particular confession.  it combats the Jewish-materialist spirit within us and without us.
25. That all the foregoing may be realized we demand the creation of a strong central power of the state; unquestioned authority of the politically centralized Parliament over the entire Reich and its organizations; and formation of chambers for classes and occupations for the purpose of carrying out the gneral laws promulgatd by the Reich in the various states of the confederation.  The leaders of the party swear to go straight forward--if necessary to sacrifice their lives--in securing fulfillment of the foregoing points.

Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF; German Labor Front)-  Monolithic labor organization allied to the Nazi party and set up by Hitler to take the place of the labor union system of the Weimar Republic.  The Nazi program called for the elimination of labor unions as the incarnation of the Marxian class struggle.  At a workers' festival celebrated on May 1, 1933, early in the Hitler regime, it was announced that the tast of "reestablishing social peace in the world of labor" would soon begin.  The next day Dr. Robert Ley led a "committee of action for the protection of German labor" in occupying by force the offices of all the trade unions.  Within a few days 169 trade organizations were under Nazi control.  On May 10, the Detsche Arbeitsfront was officially established.  At first it included not only the members of former labor unions but also white-collar groups and management associations.  In this way harmony was to be established between the legitimate interests of all concerned.  "Discord", said Hitler, "will give way to a people's community.  Commonwealth before private gain!"  Instead of strikes for better wages or employers' lockouts, the new system called for all laborers to work together for the common good.  The new philosophy was epitomized in the Labor Charter, promulgated on January 16, 1934, which resembled Mussolini's Charter of Labor.

Deutschland Ist Hitler!  Hitler Ist Deutschland! (Germany is Hitler!  Hitler is Germany!)  A slogan popular with Nazi speakers.  After Hitler completed his speeches at party meetings, Rudolf hess, the Fuhrer's deputy, would introduce disciplined cheering with this slogan.

Deutschland Uber Alles  (Germany above All)-  German national anthem.  The lyrics were written by Hoffmann von Fallersleben in 1841 to an early melody by Joseph Haydn.  Originally, the anthem was a plea for the unification of the conglomerate German states (there were exactly 1789 states in 1789).  During the Hitler regime the anthem was used to justify the call for Lebensraum, or living space.

Directive 21-  War directive issued by Hitler for Barbarossa, cover name for the invasion of the Soviet Union.  On December 6, 1940, on the instructions of Hitler, Lieut. Gen. Alfred Jodl, chief of operations ordered his deputy, Maj. Gen. Walther Warlimont, to prepare a general plan for operations against Soviet Russia.  Six days later the draft was designated Directive 21, initially called Fritz.  On December 18 Hitler issued the directive, which he renamed Barbarossa.  The introductory lines were:

The German Armed Forces must be prepared, even prior to the conclusion of the war against England, to crush Soviet Russia in a rapid campaign.

The Army must employ all available formations to this end, with the reservation that occupied territories must be defended against surpise attacks.

It is of decisive importance that our intention to attack not be known.

Directive 39-  Order issued by Hitler on December 8, 1941, commanding his forces in Russia to go on the defensive.  The Fuhrer had counted on completing his Blitzkrieg against the Soviet Union in one overwhelming summer campaign.  He would "wipe Leningrad from the face of the earth," and he would smash through to Moscow.  His generals insisted that they must dig in fo rthe winter, but he demanded an attack despite the intensely cold weather.  The assault failed, and Hitler was forced by circumstances to recognize that the war in the east, like that in the west, would be a long one.  The introduction to his directive was as follows:

The severe winter weather which has come suprisingly early in the East, and the consequent difficulties in bringing up supplies, compel us to abandon immediately all major offensive operations and to go over to the defensive.  The way in which these defensive operations are to be carried out will be decided in accordance with the purpose which they are intended to serve, viz:

           (a)  to hold areas which are of great operational or economic importance to the enemy

           (b)  to enable forces in the East to rest and recuperate as much as possible

           (c)  thus to establish conditions suitable for the resumption of large-scale offensive operations in 1942

Doctor's Trial-  The trial of twenty-three Schutzstaffel (SS) physicians and scientists held in Nuremberg before American Military Tribunal No. 1 beginning on December 9, 1946.  The indictment specified four charges:  1)  common design or conspiracy, 2)  war crimes, 3)  crimes against humanity, and 4)  membership in criminal organizations.  The accused were charged with such varied crimes as experiments involving high altitude, low temperature, and the drinking of seawater; experiments with typhus and infectious jaundice; experiments with sulfa drugs, bone grafting, and mustard gas; the collection of skulls of Jews; euthanasia of undesirable racial groups and mass sterilization.  The trial was completed on August 20, 1947.  The judgement found sixteen of the defendents guilty and seven not guilty.  Seven were sentenced to death by hanging, five to life imprisonment, and four to long prison terms.

Dolchstosstheorie (stab-in-the-back theory)-  The theory that the German Army and Navy were defeated in World War I only because they were "stabbed in the back" by traitors, Social Democrats, and Jews at home.  Hitler branded the Jews as "November criminals" (Novemberverbrecher) and never stopped calling them by that name.  The National Socialist propoganda machine hammered away at the stab-in-the-back legend and regarded it as the gem in the mine of exploitable political issues.  The German masses were willing to accept the charge because it enabled them to project all guilt for the defeat on Judaism.  They identified the Weimar Republic, and with it democracy in general, with the loss of the war.  Hitler was successful in promoting an attitude of resentment that helped pave the way for his accession to power in the Third Reich.

     The term stab in the back was first used in a report from England to the Neue Zurcher Zeitung of December 1, 1918:  "As far as the German Army is concerned the general view is summarized in these words:  It was stabbed in the back by the civil population."  After the war a Reichstag commission investigated the problem of the German collapse in 1918.  The following is a summary of the report by Gen. Hermann von Kuhl, which mildly criticized the stab-in-the-back concept but did not altogether reject it.

Drang Nach Osten (Drive to the East)-  Phrase describing the historic area of German expansion.  German boundaries during the past 1,000 and more years have changed many times in every century.  The eastern boundary, especially, has always been fluid.  From the early Middle Ages on, the line between Germans and Slavs shifter from generation to generation, depending upon such variables as diplomatic maneuvers, colonization, Christianization, and war.  From the fourth to the seventh century the direction was westward during the Volkerwanderung (barbarian invasions), when Germanic tribes first infiltrated and then surged into the Roman Empire.  Thereafter the trend was reversed.  Charlemagne (ca. 742-814) initiated the Drang nach Osten by first subduing and Christianizing the neighboring Germanic tribes and then pushing eastward to the Elbe.  During the ninth and tenth centuries the main direction of expansion was toward Austria.  The high point of colonization came in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries with the drive of the Teutonic Knights, facilitated by the temporary decline of the Polish kingdom, toward the northeast.  In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries there were further drives into Poland and to the southeast, where the Ottoman Empire was in decline.  Emperor William II (1859-1941), while aware of an favoring the traditional Drang nach Osten, preferred a more aggressive colonial policy and urged German pentration of the Far East, the South Seas, the Near and Middle East, and North Africa.  His proposed Berlin-to-Baghdad railway was planned as an overland route to India to compete with the British sea route through the Mediterranean and Suez Canal.

Dritte Reich, Die (The Third Reich)  A bimonthly magazine founded in 1974.  According to its publisher, Alexander Jahr, Das Dritte Reich was designed to give the German people a vivid account of what took place during the Nazi era.  "It is an open secret," he said, "that this subject get treated very superficially in the schools or not at all."  he held it to be necessary that all Germans, epecially the younger people, be given the same medium of a newsmagazine an accurate account of the mood and experiences of the Hitler regime.  Editor Christian Zentner added that the magazine intended to explain how "a nation of poets and philosophers could become a nation of murderers and criminals."

Dusseldorf Speech-  Talk delivered by Hitler in an attempt to win the support of German industrialists for the Nazi cause.  It was one of the most important and effective speeches of the Fuhrer's career.  On January 27, 1932, Hitler was invited to Dusseldorf, the heart of the German steel industry, to address the Industrielklub, a wealthy group of Rhenish-Westphalian Industrialists.  It was the first time that German industrial leaders had met Hitler.  At first their reception was cool.  Hitler seized the opportunity to present his case to Germans who could further his political career.  For two and one half hours he harangued the assembled coal and steel barons.  His approach was shrewd and impressive.  He wanted big business to know that he and his Nazi followers could be trusted.  He defended private property, attacked the Bolshevik menace, and praised National Socialism.  His talk was tailored to the views of his audience.  The following condensation summarizes the salient points of this historic speech:

The dominant consideration in politics today should not be foreign relations.  I regard it as of the first importance that we break down the view that our destiny is conditioned by world events.  The most important factor in national life is the inner worth of a people and its spirit.  In Germany, this inner worth has been undermined by the false values of democracy and the supremacy of mere numbers in opposition to the creative principle of individual personality.

Private property can only be justified on the ground that men's achievements in the economic field are unequal.  But it is absurd to construct economic life on achievement of personality, while in political life this authority is denied, and thrust in its place is the law of the greatest number-democracy.

Communistm is more than just a mob storming about in our German streets.  It is taking over the entire Asiatic world.  Unemployment is driving millions of Germans to look on Communism as the logical theoretical counterpart of their actual economic situation.  This is the heart of the German problem.  We cannot cure this state of affairs by emergency decrees.

There can only be one basic solution--the realization that a fluorishing economic life must be protected by a fluorishing, powerful state.  Behind this economic life must stand the determined political will of the nation ready to strike, and strike hard.

This same is true of foreign policiy.  The Treaty of Versailles is the result of our own inner confusion.  It is no good appealing for national unity and sacrific when only 50% of the people are ready to fight for the national colors.

Today we stand at a turning point in Germany's destiny.  Either we shall succeed in working out a body-politic as hard as iron from this conglomeration of parties, or Germany will fall into final ruin.  Today no one can escape the obligation to complete the regeneration of the German body-politic.  Every one must show his personal sympathy, and every one must take his place in the common effort.  I speak to you today not to ask for your votes or to induce you to do this or that for the party.  No, I am here to present a point of view.  I am convinced that victory for this point of view is the only starting point for German recovery.

Remember that it means sacrifice when today hundreds of thousands of SA and SS men mount their trucks, protect meetings, undertake marches, sacrifice themselves day and night, and then return in the grey dawn to workshop and factory, or, as jobless, take the pittance of a dole.  It means sacrifice when these little men spend all their money to buy uniforms, shirts, badges, and even pay their own fares.

But there is in all this the strength of an ideal-a great ideal.  If the entire German nation today had this idealism, Germany would look far different in the eyes of the world than she does now!

When Hitler finished his oration, his audience rose and cheered him.  It was a significant day in the history of Germany.  The industrialists now had a champion to protect them against radicalism, communism, and the clamoring trade unions.  For Hitler, too, the event was critical.  Now he had access to the purse strings of Germany's moneyed industrialists.  From this point on heavy contributions began to flow into the Nazi treasury.  The way was prepared fo rthe triumph of National Socialism.