Reprinted from Pull Together: Newsletter of the Naval Historical Foundation
and the Naval Historical Center, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Spring-Summer 1993).
It is a sure bet that one of the proudest days in an enlisted individual's
naval service is the date on which a first class petty officer dons the
uniform and is accepted into the Chief Petty Officer community. At this
time, the PO1's leadership and professional abilities are recognized by
superiors. These qualities continue to be honed with experience and maturity
until retirement.
This article covers the history of the grade of Chief Petty Officer. April
1, 1993, marked the 100th anniversary of the creation of that grade. It
is necessary, however, to look back to the origins of the Continental Navy
to establish the foundation of relative grades and classifications that
led to the ultimate establishment of the CPO grade. During the Revolutionary
War, Jacob Wasbie, a Cook's Mate serving on board the Alfred, one
of the first Continental Navy warships, was promoted to "Chief Cook" on
June 1, 1776. Chief Cook is construed to mean Cook or Ship's Cook which
was the official rating title at that time. This is the earliest example
of the use the term "Chief" located to date by the author.
The United States Navy was reauthorized under the Constitution by an act
of March 27, 1794. The fledgling Navy was to consist of four forty-four
gun frigates and two thirty-six gun frigates. The action taken by Congress
on that date was based upon the need to counter the Algerian pirates. However,
a treaty was reached between the United States and Algiers prior to completing
any of the vessels, and the act was allowed to expire.
The construction or completion of three frigates was later directed under
an act of July 1, 1797. Those ships were the Constitution and United
States, each rated at forty-four guns, and the Constellation,
mounting 36 guns. Personnel allowed to the two classes of warships were
the same under both acts. Petty officers, who were appointed by the Captain,
consisted of one Captain's Clerk, two Boatswain's Mates, a Coxswain, a
Sailmaker's Mate, two Gunner's Mates, one Yeoman of the Gun Room, nine
Quarter Gunners (eleven were allowed for the two larger vessels), two Carpenter's
Mates, an Armorer, a Steward, a Cooper, a Master-at-Arms, and a Cook. Non-petty
officers, as listed in the 1797 act, consisted of 103 Ordinary Seamen and
Midshipmen and 150 Able Seamen for the larger frigates; the smaller vessel,
Constellation, was allowed 130 Able Seamen and Midshipmen and 90
Ordinary Seamen. None of those figures included Marines, which added three
Sergeants, three Corporals, one Drummer, on e Fifer, and 50 Marine Privates
to the complement of the larger ships. The 36 gun frigate was allowed 1
less Sergeant and Corporal and 40 rather than 50 Marines.
Generally speaking, precedence of petty officers was not really introduced
until the U.S. Navy Regulations, approved February 15, 1853, were published.
It must be pointed out that those regulations were declared invalid by
the Attorney General on May 3, 1853, and were rescinded due merely to the
fact that the President rather than Congress approved them. However, this
did not mean that the information and the guidelines contained in them
were inaccurate. Conversely, the Secretary of the Navy submitted a set
of naval regulations for Congressional acceptance on December 8, 1858,
but they were never acted upon in that session of Congress. Based upon
pay tables of the period, the contents of the 1858 plan, like the regulations
of 1853, appear to have contained the current rating structure of that
period.
Prior to 1853, one could infer a quasi-precedence of ratings based upon
the sequence in which ratings were listed within complement charts; this
is backed by differences in pay of various petty officers. Another issue
to be considered is the fact that the order of the names of the petty officers
as they appeared on muster rolls could generally be considered an order
of precedence. Precedence of ratings was explicitly spelled out in Navy
Regulations approved on March 12, 1863. At this point it is useful to review
the early Civil War petty officer rating structure just prior to the official
usage of "Chief" with rating titles. Petty officers were listed under two
categories--Petty Officers of the Line and Petty Officers of the Staff
as shown in Table 1.
The 1863 Regulations made the priority of ratings clear: "Precedence among
petty officers of the same rate, if not established particularly by the
commander or the vessel, will be determined by priority of rating. When
two or more have received the same rate on the same day, and the commander
of the vessel shall not have designated one of that rate to act as a chief,
such as chief boatswain's mate, chief gunner's mate, or chief or signal
quartermaster, their precedence shall be determined by the order in which
their names appear on the ship's books. And precedence among petty officers
of the same relative rank is to be determined by priority of rating; or
in case of ratings being of the same date, by the order in which their
names appear on the ship's books." That lengthy paragraph was shortened
in the 1865 regulations to read simply, "Precedence among Petty Officers
of the sa me rate shall be established by the Commanding Officer of the
vessel in which they serve."
Precedence by rating was a fact of Navy life for the next 105 years and
was substantiated by rating priority and the date of an individual's promotion.
Precedence of ratings remained in effect until the issue of Change #17
of August 15, 1968, to the 1959 Bureau of Naval Personnel (BUPERS) Manual.
At that time, precedence among ratings was eliminated and changed to a
single system for military and non-military matters based on pay grade
and time in grade.
During 27 1/2 years of naval service, the author has been audience to an
appreciable number of boiling point arguments on the ship's fantail and
in the Chiefs' messes concerning seniority of ratings. As one can determine
from the foregoing evidence, Boatswain's Mates have not always been the
senior rating in the Navy. However, if one tries to enlighten some of them
they will usually get their danders up and argue until red in the face.
Likewise, Aviation Machinist's Mates have not always been the senior rating
within the Aviation Branch. From 1924 to 1933, and again from 1942 to 1948,
the rating of Aviation Pilot topped the mechs as well as all other aviation
ratings.
It is not the intention of this synopsis to present an extended dissertation
on individual ratings. However, at this point, clarification of a longstanding
controversy and its resultant misconceptions regarding the Chief Boatswain's
Mates, Chief Gunner's Mates, and Chief or Signal Quartermasters of the
1864-93 era is necessary. Those three ratings have at one time or another
been erroneously identified and argued as being Chief Petty Officers. General
Order #36 of May 16, 1864, effective July 1, 1864, listed Navy ratings
along with monthly pay for each rating. Among the ratings included were
Chief Boatswain's Mate, Boatswain's Mate in Charge, Boatswain's Mate, Chief
Gunner's Mate, Gunner's Mate in Charge, Gunner's Mate, Chief Quartermaster
and Quartermaster. Boatswain's Mates and Gunner's Mates received $27.00
monthly and Quartermasters, $25.00. Chief Boatswain's Mates and Chief Gunners's
M ates were paid $30.00 per month and were listed for service only on board
vessels of the lst and 2nd rates. Chief Quartermasters were paid the same
except for a $2.00 reduction while serving in ships of the 3rd and 4th
rates. Boatswain's Mates in Charge and Gunner's Mates in Charge were also
paid $30.00 per month.
The primary difference between the Chief Boatswain's Mate and Boatswain's
Mate in Charge and the Chief Gunner's Mate and Gunner's Mate in Charge
lay in their assignments. Chief Boatswain's Mates and Chief Gunner's Mates
were permitted on board ships of the first two classes of vessels (1st
and 2nd rates with 100 or more crewmen). The Boatswain's Mate in Charge
and the Gunner's Mate in Charge could be assigned to any of the four classed
vessels (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th rates) and specifically only when a Warrant
Boatswain or Warrant Gunner was not assigned to the ship. Boatswain's Mates
in Charge and Gunner's Mates in Charge appeared in the rating structure
for only five years. They were last listed in the pay table included in
the Navy Register for July 1, 1869, and were eliminated from this list
with the issue of January 1, 1870. From that date, according to complements
set in 1872, Chief Boatswain's Mates and Chief Gu nner's Mates were assigned
to vessels of all four classes. Then, five years later, by the allowance
list of 1877, they were assigned only to ships without a warranted Boatswain
or Gunner.
The title of Chief or Signal Quartermaster was mentioned in the 1863 Regulations
and requires explanation. The term Signal Quartermaster was utilized from
at least the early 1800s. That title identified those Quartermasters who
were principally involved with signaling and the care of flags, halyards,
markers, lanterns and other paraphernalia as opposed to Quartermasters
who were mainly concerned with navigational and steering duties.
From 1863 to 1865, the rating titles of Chief Quartermaster and Signal
Quartermaster were virtually synonymous. Furthermore, the 1863 Navy Regulations
and the 1864 pay order did not present a distinction between those two
titles. In 1865, however, by U.S. Navy Regulations approved April 18, 1865,
a distinction was made between Quartermaster (not Chief Quartermaster,
which was never listed) and Signal Quartermaster listed under Petty Officers
of the Line. Signal Quartermaster was listed as third in precedence (after
Gunner's Mate), whereas Quartermaster was sixth (after Coxswain to Commander
in Chief of a Squadron or Fleet). Those two ratings continued to be carried
in successive issues of Navy Regulations until 1885. It is of note that
Signal Quartermaster was never listed as a separate rate from Chief Quartermaster
in the pay tables covering those twenty years. Therefore, the title of
Signal Quartermaster, instead of Chief Quartermaster, can be considered
as the official title from April 18, 1865, to January 8, 1885. The title
of Chief Quartermaster, primarily found in Navy pay tables for that same
period, can be judged to be an alternate or common-use title for Signal
Quartermaster. In other directives and correspondence these two titles
were often used interchangeably.
It is necessary to reflect back to Chief Boatswain's Mates and Chief Gunner's
Mates to define their exact status. Navy Regulations of 1865, 1870, and
1876 fail to show Chief Boatswain's Mate and Chief Gunner's Mate as different
rates or levels from Boatswain's Mate and Gunner's Mate respectively. It
therefore follows that to justify calling the Chief Boatswain's Mate and
the Chief Gunner's Mate additional rates one has to depend upon General
Order 36 of May 16, 1864 (effective July 1, 1864), and Tables of Allowances
for the 1870s which list them as rates or ratings along with Boatswain's
Mate and Gunner's Mate. To answer the question of whether the Chief Boatswain's
Mate, Chief Gunner's Mate, and Chief Quartermaster or Signal Quartermaster
of the 1863-93 era were or were not actually Chief Petty Officers is elementary.
They were not Chief Petty Officers due to the fact that the grade had not
yet been created.
On January 1, 1884, when the new pay rates became effective, there existed
the three aforementioned rates carrying the word Chief--Boatswain's Mate,
Gunner's Mate, and Quartermaster--all paid $35.00 per month. Several other
rates were paid higher amounts, ranging from $40.00 to $70.00 per month.
Fifty-three weeks later, on January 8, 1885, the Navy classed all enlisted
personnel as first, second, or third class for petty officers, and as Seaman
first, second, or third class for non-petty officers. Chief Boatswain's
Mates, Chief Quartermasters and Chief Gunner's Mates were positioned at
the Petty Officer First Class level within the Seaman Class; Masters- at-Arms,
Apothecaries, Yeomen (Equipment, Paymasters, and Engineers), Ships Writers,
Schoolmasters and Band Masters were also First Class Petty Officers but
came under the Special Branch; finally, Machinists were carried at the
top grade within the Artificer Branch. Included under the Special Branch
at the second class petty officer level was the rate of Chief Musician
who was junior to the Band Master. That rate was changed to First Musician
under the 1893 realignment of ratings was and carried as a petty officer
first class until 1943.
On April 1, 1893, two important steps were taken. First, the grade of Chief
Petty Officer was established; secondly, most enlisted men received a pay
raise. The question is often asked, "Who was the first Chief Petty Officer?"
The answer is flatly: "There was no first Chief Petty Officer due to the
fact that nearly all ratings carried as Petty Officers First Class from
1885 were automatically shifted to the Chief Petty Officer level." Exceptions
were Schoolmasters, who stayed at first class; Ship's Writers, who stayed
the same but expanded to include second and third class; and Carpenter's
Mates, who had been carried as second class petty officers but were extended
to include chief, first, second, and third classes. Therefore, the Chief
Petty Officer grade on April 1, 1893, encompassed the nine rates shown
in Table 2.
Prior to the establishment of the Chief Petty Officer grade, and for many
years thereafter, commanding officers could promote petty officers to acting
appointments in order to fill vacancies in ships' complements. Men served
various lengths of time under acting appointments, generally six months
to a year. If service was satisfactory, the captain recommended to the
Bureau of Navigation (called the Bureau of Personnel, BUPERS, after October
1, 1942) that an individual be given a permanent appointment for the rate
in which he served. Otherwise the commanding officer could reduce an individual
to the grade or rate held prior to promotion if he served under an acting
appointment. The change in status from acting to permanent appointment
was always a "breathe-easier" occurrence. This meant that the commanding
officer could not reduce a Chief Petty Officer in rate if he messed up.
It took a court-martial and the Bureau's approval to reduce a Chief serving
under a permanent appointment.
The letters "PA" and "AA" were written alongside rate titles and their
abbreviations. Those letters stood for permanent appointment and acting
appointment, and were used to signify a Chief Petty Officer's status. After
March 8, 1946, the letter "A" (for acting appointment) was used integrally
with the rate abbreviation. For example, Chief Boatswain's Mate with an
acting appointment was abbreviated CBMA. Pay grade 1-A no longer signified
acting appointment for Chief Petty Officers after October 1, 1949, as affected
by the Career Compensation Act of October 12, 1949. From that time, CPOs
received the same pay regardless of whether they held permanent or acting
appointments. On November 1, 1965, acting appointments were dropped from
use.
A pay differential existed between permanent and acting appointments until
1949. Pay for Chief Petty Officers, in 1902, ranged from $50.00 to $70.00
depending upon the specialty held. General Order 134 of June 26, 1903 (which
became effective on July 1, 1903), ordered that "Chief Petty Officer Officers
whose pay is not fixed by law and who shall receive permanent appointments
after qualifying therefore by passing such examination as the Secretary
of the Navy may prescribe shall be paid at the rate of $70.00 per month."
CPOs holding permanent appointments dated prior to July 1, 1903, were required
to requalify by standing an examination before a board of three officers.
If they passed, they were issued permanent appointments by the Bureau of
Navigation. Those who did not requalify remained in their pay and grade
level instead of increasing to the $70.00 level.
Pay levels for enlisted men at that time were established by executive
order until July 1, 1908. An act of May 13, 1908, established that the
U.S. Congress would set pay for enlisted men. However, during the Depression,
President Franklin D. Roosevelt, by executive order alone, temporarily
decreased the pay of all Armed Forces personnel by 15 percent from April
1, 1933, to June 30, 1934, and 5 percent from July 1, 1934, to June 30,
1935.
Special Branch Chief Yeoman
Apothecary
Band Masters
The act of May 18, 1920, effective January 1, 1920, standardized pay at
all levels from the lowest non-rated grade, which was Apprentice Seaman,
through Chief Petty Officer. Base pay for Permanent Appointment Chiefs
was $126.00 per month, and for Acting Appointments, $99.00. These pay rates
remained effective until June 1, 1942. Under the act of June 16, 1942,
pay was increased to $138.00 and $126.00 for CPOs with permanent and acting
appointments, respectively. By an act of June 10, 1922, which became effective
July 1, 1922, the pay grades of 1 and 1-A to 7 were established. CPOs (PA)
and Mates were carried in pay grade 1 whereas Chiefs with Acting Appointments
were listed in pay grade 1-A. On October 1, 1949, by the Career Compensation
Act of October 12, 1949, pay grades were reversed and the letter E, for
enlisted, was added setting all Chief Petty Officers at E-7 vice pay grades
1 and 1-A.
The pay grades of E-8 and E-9, Senior Chief and Master Chief, were created
effective June 1, 1958, under a 1958 Amendment to the Career Compensation
Act of 1949. Eligibility for promotion to E-8, the Senior Chief level,
was restricted to Chiefs (Permanent Appointment) with a minimum of four
years in grade and a total of ten years of service. For elevation from
E- 7 to Master Chief, E-9, a minimum of six years service as a Chief Petty
Officer with a total of 13 years service was required. The E-5 through
E-9 levels included all ratings except Teleman and Printer which at the
time were being phased out of the naval rating structure. People holding
those ratings were absorbed or converted to Yeoman or Radioman from Teleman
and primarily to Lithographer from Printer. Service-wide examinations for
outstanding Chiefs were held on August 5, 1958, with the first promotions
becoming effective on November 16, 1958. A few months later, a second group
of Chiefs from the February 1959 exam inations were elevated to E-8 and
E-9 effective on May 16, 1959. The names of the first two groups of selectees
are listed in Bureau of Naval Personnel Notices 1430 of October 17, 1958,
and May 20, 1959. It is noted that after the May 1959 elevations, promotions
to E-9 were through Senior Chief only.
On July 1, 1965, compression of several ratings at the two top grades was
enforced. Six new rating titles were created: Master Chief Steam Propulsionman,
Master Chief Aircraft Maintenanceman, Master Chief Avionics Technician,
Master Chief Precision Instrumentman, Master Chief Constructionman, and
Master Chief Equipmentman.
Conversely, about four years later, on February 15, 1969, some expansion
at the Senior and Master Chief grades eliminated Master Chief Steam Propulsionman.
Expanded rates included Master and Senior Chief Torpedoman's Mate, Quartermaster,
and Storekeeper. Seven ratings were reestablished at the E-8 and E-9 grades,
presenting the opportunity for Chiefs to again advance within their specialty
to E-9. The seven affected ratings were Signalman, Mineman, Aircrew Survival
Equipmentman, Aviation Storekeeper, Aviation Maintenance Administrationman,
and Boiler Technician.
The only recent rating change that has had a substantial effect on the
Chief Petty Officer community occurred on January 1, 1991, when three ratings
were merged into one. Antisubmarine Warfare Technician, Aviation Fire Control
Technician, and Aviation Electronics Technician ratings at the E-3 (apprenticeship)
and E-4 through the E-8 petty officer grades were merged into the single
rating of Aviation Electronics Technician. At the same time, the rating
of Avionics Maintenance Technician (E-9 only) remained as the normal path
of advancement from the rates of Senior Chief Aviation Electronics Technician
and Senior Chief Aviation Electrician's Mate.
The current number of ratings of Chief Petty Officers falls far short of
the number listed at the end of World War II, which then totaled 207 different
rating titles. At the present time there are 81 rating titles that apply
to Chief Petty Officers, 80 titles for Senior Chiefs, and 69 rating titles
for Master Chiefs.
Only two ratings have remained in continuous use since 1797--Boatswain's
Mate and Gunner's Mate. The service of all senior enlisted personnel, past,
present and future, are recognized in their centennial year, aptly marked
by the theme, "One Hundred Years of Leadership."
CWO-4 Lester B. Tucker, USN (Retired), enlisted in the Navy in 1939;
for the next 27 years he served as Gunner's Mate Third Class, Aviation
Ordnanceman Third Class, Aviation Chief Ordnanceman, and Warrant Gunner
(Aviation). Since 1974, he has conducted extensive research on the history
of U.S. Navy ratings from the Revolutionary War to the present for a multi-
volume series on that topic.
Sources: Information contained in this article was collected over
several years from Navy Regulations, General Orders, NAVEDTRA, BUPERS Manuals
and Notices, ALNAV Bulletins and other sources.
