REFERENCES:

A. NAVEDTRA 12850, AEROGRAPHER'S MATE 3
B. NAVEDTRA 10370, AEROGRAPHER'S MATE 2, VOL 1
C. NAVEDTRA 10371, AEROGRAPHER'S MATE 2, VOL 2
D. NAVEDTRA 10362-B1, AEORGRAPHER'S MATE 1 & C
E. RP-33, FLEET OCEANOGRAPHIC AND ACOUSTIC REFERENCE MANUAL
F. CWOSM TM 4-92, COMPOSITE WARFARE OCEANOGRAPHIC SUPPORT MODULES (PART 1)
G. OPNAVINST 3140.24E, WARNINGS AND CONDITIONS OF READINESS CONCERNING HAZARDOUS OR DESTRUCTIVE WEATHER PHENOMENA
H. NAVOCEANCOMINST 3140.14C, PROCEDURES GOVERNING FLIGHT WEATHER BRIEFINGS AND PREPARING DD FORM 175-1 AND U.S. NAVY FLIGHT FORECAST FOLDER
I. NAVOCEANCOMINST 3140.4B, ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE AND ICING CRITERIA

113.1 DEFINE THE FOLLOWING METOC TERMS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON NAVAL AVIATION OPERATIONS: (REF A)

A. CLOUDS - A VISIBLE CLUSTER OF MINUTE PARTICLES OF WATER AND/OR ICE IN THE FREE AIR. MAY ALSO INCLUDE PARTICLES OF SMOKE, DUST, AND FUMES. DIFFERS FROM FOG IN THAT IT DOES NOT REACH THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH.
(1) CUMULUS - ASSOCIATED WITH COLD FRONTS
(2) CUMULONIMBUS - THUNDERSTORMS
(3) STRATUS - ASSOCIATED WITH WARM FRONT; NICE FLAT CLOUD
(4) CIRRUS - HIGH THIN WISPY CLOUDS
(5) HEIGHTS -
(6) CEILING - THE HEIGHT, ABOVE THE EARTH'S SURFACE, OF THE LOWEST LAYER OF CLOUDS OR OBSCURING PHENOMENA THAT IS REPORTED AS "BROKEN", "OVERCAST", OR "OBSCURED", AND NOT CLASSIFIED AS "THIN" OR "PARTIAL".

B. VISIBILITY - THE ABILITY, AS DETERMINED BY ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS AND EXPRESSED IN UNITS OF DISTANCE TO SEE AND IDENTIFY PROMINENT UNLIGHTED OBJECTS BY DAY AND PROMINENT LIGHTED OBJECTS BY NIGHT. VISIBILITY IS REPORTED IN STATUTE MILES, HUNDREDS OF FEET, OR METERS.

C. WEATHER AND OBSTRUCTIONS TO VISION - HYDROMETERS (WATER BASED) AND LITHOMETEORS (SOLID BASED) ARE PARTICLES OF MATTER SUSPENDED INT HE ATMOSPHERE OR LIFTED ALOFT (FOG OR SMOKE) BY THE WIND. THSES PARTICLES ARE ENCODED USING LETTER SYMBOLS AND ARE REPORTED IF THEY RESTRICT THE VISIBILITY TO 6 MILES OR LESS.

1. TURBULENCE - MOVEMENT OF AIR EITHER NATURAL OR MAN-MADE. NATURAL TURBULENCE CAN BE DIVIDED INTO:

a. THERMAL - CAUSED BY LOCALIZED VERTICAL AIR MOVEMENTS

b. MECHANICAL - AIR NEAR THE SURFACE FLOWS OVER OBSTRUCTIONS

c. FRONTAL - CUASED BY THE LIFTING OF WARM AIR BY MOVING COLD FRONTS

d. WIND SHEARS - A CHANGE IN EITHER WIND SPEED OR DIRECTION

e. MANMADE - REFERRED TO AS WAKE TURBULENCE. TURBULENCE IS DIVIDED INTO 4 DEGREES: LIGHT, MODERATE, SEVERE AND EXTREME.

a. LIGHT - MOMENTARILY CAUSES SLIGHT CHANGES IN ALTITUDE AND/OR ATTITUDE.

b. MODERATE - SIMILAR TO LIGHT TURBULENCE, BUT OF GREATER INTENSITY, AND THE AIRCRAFT REMAINS UNDER CONTROL.

c. SEVERE - CAUSES LARGE ABRUPT CHANGES IN ALTITUDE AND/OR ATTITUDE. AIRCRAFT MAY BE MOMENTARILY OUT OF CONTROL.

d. EXTREME - AIRCRAFT IS BEING VIOLENTLY TOSSED ABOUT AND IS NORMALLY OUT OF CONTROL.

D. PRESSURE
(1) ATMOSPHERIC - FORCE OF ATMOSPHER PUSHING AGAINST EARTH (INCHES OF MERCURY).
(2) BAROMETRIC - FORCE OF ATMOSPHER PUSHING AGAINST EARTH (METRIC).
(3) PRESSURE ALTITUDE - DENSITY OF AIR CHANGES AS PRESSURE CHANGES.
(4) DENSITY ALTITUDE - DENSITY OF AIR IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE. COLDER AIR MORE DENSE.
(5) STATION - ACTUAL PRESSURE INDICATED BY BAROMETER.
(6) SEA-LEVEL - STATION PRESSURE CORRECTED TO SEA LEVEL.
(7) ALTIMETER SETTING - SEA LEVEL PRESSURE CONVERTED TO INCHES OF MERCURY.

E. TEMPERATURE
(1) AMBIENT AIR (DRY BULB) - BASIC AIR TEMPERATURE
(2) DEW POINT - AMBIENT AIR COLLED UNTIL 100% HUMIDITY AND DEW OR CLOUDS FORM.
(3) SEA SURFACE - TEMPERATURE AT SURFACE OF SEA.

F. WIND
(1) TRUE DIRECTION - CONVERTED FROM WIND COMING ACROSS THE DECK.
(2) MAGNETIC DIRECTION - WINDS BASED ON MAGNETIC COMPASS.
(3) RELATIVE DIRECTION - WIND COMING ACROSS DECK UNCORRECTED.
(4) SPEED - HOW FAST WIND SPEED IS IN KNOTS, NAUTICAL MILES PER HOUR.
(5) GUST - RAPID BURST OF WIND SPEED.

G. THE SEA SURFACE
(1) WIND WAVES - WAVES GENERATED BY WIND
(2) SWELL WAVES - WIND WAVES WHICH HAVE LEFT WHERE THEY STARTED.
(3) SURF - WAVES BREAKING ALONG BEACH
(4) MAJOR OCEAN CURRENTS - RIVER OF WATER MOVING INSIDE OCEAN
(5) FRONTS AND EDDIES - TEMPERATURE BOUNDARY (FRONT); WATER THAT BREAKS OFF FROM CURRENT (IN CIRCULAR MOTION) (EDDY)

H. HEAT STRESS
(1) RELATIVE HUMIDITY - HOW MOIST THE AIR FEELS
(2) WBGT - WET BULB GLOBAL TEMP - FIGURING HEAT STRESS

I. EFFECTS OF COLD
(1) WIND CHILL FACTOR - EFFECT OF WIND MOVING ACROSS SKIN
(2) SEAWATER IMMERSION SURVIVABILITY - SEA WATER SURVIVAL AT GIVEN TEMPERATURE. (68 DEGREES AND ABOVE)

J. CIRCULATION AND FRONTS
(1) ANTICYCLONES (HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEMS) - WIND ROTATES AROUND HIGH PRESSURE CLOCKWISE
(2) CYCLONES - WIND ROTATES AROUND LOW PRESSURE COUNTERCLOCKWISE.
(3) COLD FRONT - WHEN COLD AIR INVADES A REGION OCCUPIED BY WARM AIR, IT WEDGES UNDER THE WARM AIR PUSHING IT UPWARD. THE FRONTAL SURFACE, AND ITS INTERSECTION WITH THE EARTH'S SURFACE IS CALLED A COLD FRONT.
(4) WARM FRONT - IF COLD AIR IS RETREATING BEFORE AN ADVANCING MASS OF WARM AIR, THE WARM AIR SLIDES OVER THE COLD AIR. THE FRONTAL SURFACE IN THIS CASE IS CALLED A WARM FRONTAL SURFACE, AND IT'S INTERSECTION WITH THE EARTH'S SURFACE IS CALLED A WARM FRONT.

K. PIREP - (PILOT REPORT) A REPORT OF METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA ENCOUNTERED BY THE PILOT OF THE AIRCRAFT IN FLIGHT.

L. SEVERE WEATHER WARNINGS AND WATCHES - MESSAGE WITH EXACT LOCATION OF SEVERE WEATHER.

113.2 DISCUSS THE HAZARDS TO NAVAL AIRCRAFT AND GROUND OPERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THUNDERSTORMS. (REF D)

STRONG WINDS THAT CAN CAUSE DAMAGE TO AIRCRAFT AND PERSONNEL.

113.3 DISCUSS ICING AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF NAVAL AIRCRAFT. (REF D)

PNEUMATIC DE-ICER AND A HEATER ON WINGS TO BREAK UP ICE WHICH DISRUPTS LIFT OF AIRCRAFT.

113.4 DEFINE AND EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF TURBULENCE AND THEIR EFFECTS ON AIRCRAFT. (REF C)

A. CLEAR AIR TURBULENCE (CAT) - AIR WHICH CREATES TURBULENCE WITHOUT CLOUDS. USUALLY OFF A MOUNTAIN RANGE.

B. LLWS (LOW LEVEL WIND SHEAR) - COMPUTERIZED SYSTEM THAT DETECTS THE PRESENCE OF A POSSIBLE HAZARDOUS LOW LEVEL WIND SHEAR BY CONTINUOUSLY COMPARING THE WINDS MEASURED BY SENSORS INSTALLED AROUND THE PERIPHERY OF AN AIRPORT WITH THE WIND MEASURED BY SENSORS AT THE CENTER FIELD LOCATION.

113.5 DEFINE THE FOLLOWING CLASSIFICATIONS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES: (REF D)

A. TROPICAL STORM - CONDITION I - 12 HOURS, CONDITION II - 24 HOURS, CONDITION III - 48 HOURS

B. HURRICANE/TYPHOON CONDITIONS I, II, III, IV:

1. CONDITION I - HURRICANE/TYPHOON FORCE WINDS ARE EXPECTED WITHIN 12 HOURS.

2. CONDITION II - HURRICANE/TYPHOON FORCE WINDS ARE EXPECTED WITHIN 24 HOURS.

3. CONDITION III - HURRICANE/TYPHOON FORCE WINDS ARE EXPECTED WITHIN 48 HOURS.

4. CONDITION IV - HURRICANE/TYPHOON FORCE WINDS ARE EXPECTED WITHIN 72 HOURS.

**NOTE**
THE TERMS HURRICANE/TYPHOON DENOTE THE SAME TYPE OF STORM. THE DIFFERENCE BEING THE STORM'S LOCATION. HURRICANE IN THE ATLANTIC, TYPHOON IN THE PACIFIC.

113.6 DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING WEATHER WARNINGS AND THEIR EFFECT ON NAVAL AVIATION. (REF G)

A. WIND WARNINGS
(1) SMALL CRAFT - 20 - 34 KNOTS
(2) GALE - 34 - 47 KNOTS
(3) STORM - 47 - 63 KNOTS

B. TROPICAL CYCLONE WARNINGS
(1) TROPICAL DEPRESSION - LESS THAN 33 KNOTS
(2) TROPICAL STORM - 34 - 64 KNOTS
(3) HURRICANE/TYPHOON - 64 AND ABOVE. HURRICANE IN ATLANTIC; TYPHOON IN PACIFIC

C. THUNDERSTORM/TORNADO WARNINGS
(1) THUNDERSTORM - T1 OR T2 - WITHIN 5 MILES OR ON STATION
(2) SEVERE THUNDERSTORM - T1 OR T2 - WITHIN 25 MILES AND MOVING THIS WAY
(3) TORNADO

113.7 DEFINE THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS OF READINESS AND THEIR EFFECT ON NAVAL AVIATION OPERATIONS: (REF G)

A. TROPICAL CYCLONE, GALE OR STORM CONDITIONS

1. CONDITION IV - GALE/STORM FORCE WIND ARE EXPECTED WITHIN 72 HOURS.

2. CONDITION III - GALE/STORM FORCE WIND ARE EXPECTED WITHIN 48 HOURS.

3. CONDITION II - GALE/STORM FORCE WINDS ARE EXPECTED WITHIN 24 HOURS.

4. CONDITION I - GALE/STORM FORCE WINDS ARE EXPECTED WITHIN 12 HOURS.

B. THUNDERSTORM OR TORNADO CONDITIONS

1. CONDITION II - THUNDERSTORMS ARE EXPECTED WITHIN 25 NAUTICAL MILES WITHIN 6 HOURS.

2. CONDITION I - THUNDERSTORMS ARE EXPECTED WITHIN 10 NAUTICAL MILES OF STATION WITHIN 1 HOUR.

113.8 DISCUSS THE PURPOSE AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE DD FORM 175-1. (REF H)

WEATHER PORTION OF FLIGHT PLAN. AEROGRAPHER'S MATE FILLS IT OUT AND BRIEFS PILOT 2 HRS PRIOR TO FLIGHT.

113.9 DISCUSS ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTIVITY AND ITS IMPACT ON WEAPON AND SENSOR SYSTEM. (REF C)

THE DRIER THE ATMOSPHERE, THE BETTER THE WEAPON SYSTEM PERFORMS. BAD WEATHER WILL HINDER THE RADAR.

113.10 DISCUSS THE WAYS ADVERSE WEATHER ELEMENTS EFFECT SENSOR EFFECTIVENESS OF PGM AND TA SYSTEMS. (REF C)

BAD WEATHER (WATER IN AIR) OBSTRUCTS THE SENSOR.

113.11 DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING AS IT RELATES TO SOUND TRAVELING THROUGH WATER.

A. TEMPERATURE (REF C) - COLDER TEMPERATURE, SLOWER SOUND MOVES THROUGH WATER. SOUND IS LAZY.

B. PRESSURE (REF C) - HIGHER THE PRESSURE, FASTER SOUND MOVES.

C. SALINITY (REF C) - HIGHER SAINITY, FASTER SOUND TRAVELS.

D. AMBIENT NOISE (REF E) - MORE NOISE MAKES IT HARDER TO HEAR SOUND

E. SELF-NOISE (REF E) - SOUND MADE BY YOURSELF; AIRPLANE DOESN'T MAKE SELF-NOISE IN WATER.

113.12 DISCUSS THE EFFECTS OF THE FOLLOWING OCEANOGRAPHIC FEATURES ON SOUND TRANSMISSION. (REF C)

A. OCEAN FRONTS - DISRUPTS MOVEMENT OF SOUND IN WATER

B. WARM AND COLD EDDIES - DISRUPTS MOVEMENT OF SOUND IN WATER