REFERENCES:

A. NAVEDTRA 12081, STANDARD FIRST AID TRAINING COURSE
B. NAVEDTRA 10054, BASIC MILITARY REQUIREMENTS

104.1 DESCRIBE THE FUNCTION AND PROPER USE OF THE FOLLOWING:

A. MCU-2P GAS MASK - MOST IMPORTANT PIECE OF PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AGAINST CBR AGENTS; PROTECTS FACE, EYES, NOSE, THROAT AND LUNGS. FILTERS AIR AND PURIFIES AIR. DOES NOT PRODUCE OXYGEN.
B. CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE OVERGARMENT - CONSIST OF A TWO PIECE OVERGARMENT WITH A HOOD. PROTECTS IN CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT FOR 6 HOURS.
C. WET-WEATHER CLOTHING - PROTECTS AGAINST CBR CONTAMINATION; WHEN WORN OVER OTHER CLOTHING, PROTECTS IMPREGNATED AND ORDINARY CLOTHING AND SKIN FROM PENETRATION BY LIQUID AGENTS AND RADIOACTIVE PARTICLES.
D. M-258A1 DECONTAMINATION KIT -USED FOR DECONTAMINATING SKIN AND SELECTED PERSONNEL EQUIPMENT CONTAMINATED WITH CHEMICAL AGENTS. THE KIT AND PACKETS CONTAINED INSIDE ARE OLIVE DRAB IN COLOR. THE KIT HAS ENOUGH PACKETS INSIDE TO DO THREE COMPLETE SKIN DECONTAMINATIONS.
E. ATROPINE - FOR IMMEDIATE SELF AID OR FIRST AID, EACH INDIVIDUAL IS ISSUED THREE AUTOMATIC INJECTORS CONTAINING 2mg ATROPINE SULFATE FOR INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTIONS. TREATMENT FOR NERVE AGENTS FOR EVERY 15 MINUTES.
F. COMBO-PEN AUTOINJECTOR - PRALIDOXIME CHLORIDE (2 PAM CHLORIDE) - MAY BE USED FOR REGENERATION OF THE BLOCKED CHOLINESTERASE.
G. POCKET DOSIMETER - (SELF READING) AN INSTRUMENT ABOUT THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF A FOUNTAIN PEN AND COME IN SEVERAL RANGES: 0 TO 5, 0 TO 200 AND, 0 TO 600 ROENTGENS; AND 0 TO 200 MILLIROENTGENS. THESE INSTRUMENTS MEASURE EXPOSURE TO RADIATION OVER A PERIOD OF TIME, NOT DOSE RATES AT ANY GIVEN TIME.
H. DT-60 PD - (NON-SELF READING) HIGH RANGE CASUALTY DOSIMETER, MUST BE PLACED IN A SPECIAL RADIAC COMPUTER INDICATOR TO DETERMINE THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF GAMMA RADIATION TO WHICH THE WEARER HAS BEEN EXPOSED. ITS RANGE IS 0 TO 600 ROENTGENS.

104.2 DEFINE THE FOLLOWING AS APPLIED TO CHEMICAL WARFARE.

A. DEFINITION OF CHEMICAL WARFARE (REF A). CHEMICAL AGENTS THAT ARE USED TO KILL OR DISABLE PERSONNEL BY AFFECTING THEIR BLOOD, NERVES, EYES, SKIN, LUNGS, OR STOMACH. CHEMICAL AGENTS ARE MAN MADE.

B. ROUTES BY WHICH CHEMICAL AGENTS ENTER THE BODY (REF A). THEY ENTER THE BODY BY THE VICTIMS BREATHING OR SWALLOWING, OR THROUGH THE VICTIMS SKIN.

C. METHODS OF DISPERSION/DELIVERY OF CHEMICAL AGENTS (REF B). NORMALLY DISSEMINATED BY AEROSOLS OR LOW YIELD EXPLOSIVES.

104.3 DESCRIBE THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, PROTECTION REQUIRED, AND DECONTAMINATION REQUIRED FOR THE FOLLOWING CHEMICAL AGENTS: (REF B)

A. CHOKING AGENTS - PHOSGENE (CG)-COLORLESS GAS, DIPHOSGENE (DP)- COLORLESS LIQUID, AND CHLORINE (CL) YELLOW GAS. PROTECTIVE MASK. NONE NEEDED, AERATION IN CLOSED SPACES.

B. NERVE AGENTS - TABUN (GA)-COLORLESS TO BROWN LIQUID, SARIN (GB), SOMAN (GD), AND VX ALL COLORLESS GASES WITH LITTLE OR NO ODOR. PROTECTIVE MASK AND CLOTHING. BLEACH OR HOT SOAPY WATER.

C. BLOOD AGENTS - CYANOGEN CHLORIDE (CK)-COLORLESS GAS AND HYDROGEN CYANIDE (AC)-COLORLESS GAS OR LIQUID. PROTECTIVE MASK. NONE NEEDED, DISSIPATES QUICKLY.

D. BLISTER AGENTS - DISTILLED MUSTARD (HD)-COLORLESS TO PALE YELLOW LIQUID, NITROGEN MUSTARD (HN-1,HN-2,HN-3) DARK LIQUID, PHOSGENE OXIME DICHLOROFOROXIME (CX)- COLORLESS SOLID OR LIQUID, LEWSITE (L) DARK OILY LIQUID, AND MUSTARD LEWISITE MIXTURE (HL) DARL OILY LIQUID. PROTECTIVE MASK AND CLOTHING. BLEACH FOR ALL EXCEPT CX THERE IS NONE ENTIRELY EFFECTIVE.

104.4 DESCRIBE THE PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS CAUSED BY EXPOSURE TO THE FOLLOWING CHEMICAL AGENTS: (REF A)

A. CHOKING AGENTS - DRYNESS OF THE THROAT, COUGHING, CHOKING, TIGHTNESS ACROSS THE CHEST, HEADACHE, NAUSEA, AND AT TIMES SMARTING AND WATERING OF THE EYES.

B. NERVE AGENTS - RUNNY NOSE, TIGHTNESS IN CHEST, DIFFICULT IN BREATHING, CONTRACTING OF EYE PUPILS NAUSEA, VOMITING, CRAMPS, COMA AND CONVULSIONS.

C. BLOOD AGENTS - INCREASED BREATHING RATE, HEADACHES, NAUSEA, UNCONSCIOUSNESS, FOLLOWED BY CONVULSIONS AND COMA.

D. BLISTER AGENTS - EYE IRRITATION, REDNESS OF SKIN, BLISTERING, NAUSEA AND VOMITING, IRRITATION OF THE THROAT AND HOARSENESS.

104.5 DESCRIBE THE SELF-AID/FIRST AID PROCEDURES FOR THE FOLLOWING CHEMICAL AGENTS: (REF A)

A. CHOKING AGENTS - GAS MASK, WILL CLEAR UP

B. NERVE AGENTS - GAS MASK AND CBR PROTECTIVE SUIT, INJECTION OF ATROPINE AND 2 PAM CHLORIDE.

C. BLOOD AGENTS - NO ANTIDOTE; MUST DON PROTECTIVE GAS MASK WITHIN 7 SECONDS!

D. BLISTER AGENTS - CBR PROTECTION SUIT, GAS MASK.
M-2581 PERSONAL SKIN DECONTAMINATION KIT. LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER TO FLUSH EYES.

104.6 STATE THE FOLLOWING AS APPLIED TO BIOLOGICAL WARFARE.

A. DEFINE BIOLOGICAL WARFARE (REF A). INTENTIONAL USE OF LIVING ORGANISMS TO DISABLE OR DESTROY PEOPLE OR THEIR DOMESTIC ANIMALS, TO DAMAGE THEIR CROPS, AND/OR TO DETERIORATE THEIR SUPPLIES.

B. ROUTES BY WHICH BIOLOGICAL AGENTS ENTER THE BODY (REF A). BY EATING OR DRINKING INFECTED FOOD/WATER, INSECT/ANIMAL BITES OR BY BREATHING VAPORS FROM AEROSOLS.

C. METHODS OF DISPERSION/DELIVERY OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS (REF B). USE LIVING HOSTS AS VECTORS OF THE DISEASE THEY WILL CARRY, SUCH AS INSECTS, TICKS, MITES, OR ANIMALS. ALSO BY CONTAMINATING FOOD WATER SUPPLIES, AEROSOLS, OR BY ANY NUMBER OF EXPLOSIVE MUNITIONS.

D. CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS (REF A)
NO SIMPLE OR RAPID METHODS ARE AVAILABLE FOR DETECTING BW CONTAMINATES. MUST TAKE SAMPLE MATERIALS AND HAVE THEM SHIPPED TO A MEDICAL LABORATORY.

E. PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS CAUSED BY EXPOSURE TO BIOLOGICAL AGENTS (REF B).
FEVER, MALAISE, INFLAMMATION, VIOLENT CHILL, NAUSEA, DIZZINESS, LOSS OF APPETITE, AND GENERAL ACHES AND PAINS.

F. PROTECTION REQUIRED AGAINST BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS (REF A).
AVOID THE MIST OR CLOUD IF YOU CAN, WEAR YOUR MASK AND COVER YOUR BODY AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE. DO NOT EAT OR DRINK ANY FOOD OR WATER THAT IS OPENED OR NOT CANNED OR BOTTLED.

G. DECONTAMINATION REQUIRED FOR BIOLOGICAL AGENTS (REF A). CHEMICAL DISINFECTANT, BURNING, DRY HEAT AND MOIST HEAT. SUNLIGHT ALSO IS EFFECTIVE. THE ULTRA VIOLET RAYS OF THE SUN KILL MOST BIOLOGICAL AGENTS.

104.7 DEFINE RADIOLOGICAL WARFARE: (REF A)

A. ALPHA PARTICLE - CONSIDERED AN INTERNAL HAZARD. MUST BE BREACHED, INGESTED OR ENTER THE BODY THROUGH AN OPEN WOUND. TRAVELS ONLY VERY SHORT DISTANCES (ABOUT A FEW INCHES). EASILY PROTECTED AGAINST. A SHEET OF PAPER WILL STOP AN ALPHA PARTICLE.

B. BETA PARTICLE - CONSIDERED BOTH AN INTERNAL AND AN EXTERNAL HAZARD. BETA PARTICLES WILL TRAVEL SEVERAL FEET, BUT HAVE LOW PENETRATING POWER AND CAN BE PROTECTED AGAINST WITH ORDINARY CLOTHING. CAN CAUSE SKIN BURNS.

C. GAMMA RADIATION - ARE PURE ENERGY AND NOT EASILY STOPPED, CAN PENETRATE EVERY REGION OF THE BODY. GAMMA RAYS WILL PASS RIGHT THROUGH A BODY WITHOUT TOUCHING IT. HOWEVER, GAMMA RAYS THAT DO STRIKE ATOMS IN THE BODY CAUSE IONIZATION OF THESE ATOMS, WHICH MAY RESULT IN A NUMBER OF POSSIBLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT DAMAGE THE CELLS OF A BODY.

D. NEUTRON RADIATION - HAS THE GREATEST PENETRATING POWER OF THE NUCLEAR RADIATION HAZARDS. THEY CREATE HAZARDS TO PERSONNEL WHEN THE NEUTRON IS CAPTURED IN ATOMS OF VARIOUS ELEMENTS IN THE BODY, ATMOSPHERE, WATER, OR SOIL. AS A RESULT OF THIS NEUTRON CAPTURE, THE ELEMENTS BECOME RADIOACTIVE AND RELEASE HIGH-ENERGY GAMMA RAYS AND BETA PARTICLES. INITIAL RADIATION CONTAINS BOTH GAMMA AND NEUTRON RADIATION.

104.8 DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS. (REF B.)

A. AIR BURST - IS DETONATED IN THE ATMOSPHERE (GROUND ZERO TO 10,000 FEET) AND THE FIRE BALL DOES NOT TOUCH THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH. SOME CONTAMINATION OCCURS, BUT NOT AS MUCH AS A SURFACE OR SUBSURFACE BURST.

B. SURFACE BURST - IS DETONATED AT OR NEAR THE SURFACE SO THAT THE FIRE BALL TOUCHES THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH. SIGNIFICANT CONTAMINATION OCCURS.

C. SUBSURFACE BURST - IS DETONATED BELOW THE SURFACE OF THE OCEAN. USED AGAINST SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE NAVAL TARGETS. GREATEST THREAT IS FROM UNDERWATER SHOCK.

104.9 DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS: (REF B)

A. BLAST -DIVIDED INTO TWO CATEGORIES PRIMARY (DIRECT) AND SECONDARY (INDIRECT) INJURIES. PRIMARY BLAST INJURIES RESULT FROM THE DIRECT ACTION OF THE AIR SHOCK WAVE ON THE HUMAN BODY. SECONDARY BLAST INJURIES ARE MAINLY CAUSED BY COLLAPSING BUILDINGS AND BY TIMBER AND OTHER DEBRIS FLUNG ABOUT BY THE AIR.

B. BURNS -BURNS CAUSED BY A NUCLEAR EXPLOSION ARE OF TWO CATEGORIES: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY. PRIMARY BURNS ARE A DIRECT RESULT OF THE THERMAL RADIATION FROM THE BOMB. SECONDARY BURNS ARE THE RESULT OF FIRES CAUSED BY THE EXPLOSION.

C. NUCLEAR RADIATION - ALPHA, BETA, GAMMA, NEUTRON

D. ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE PHENOMENON - PRODUCT OF AIR AND HIGH ALTITUDE AIR BURSTS. A PULSE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY CREATED BY THE DETONATION OF A NUCLEAR WEAPON. EMP AFFECTS ANY ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT THAT IS NOT SPECIFICALLY SHIELDED AGAINST THE THREAT OF EMP SUCH AS COMMUNICATION, SATELLITES, AIRCRAFT, ETC.

104.10 DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING AS APPLIED TO CBR ATTACK. (REF B)

A. DEFENSIVE MEASURES/PRECAUTIONS - KEEP THINGS SQUARED AWAY, MAINTAIN WATER TIGHT INTEGRITY, MAKE REPAIRS AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE, PROTECT YOURSELF WITH PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND MASK, BE READY TO FIGHT FIRES IGNITED BY THE BLAST, AND BE READY TO ADMINISTER FIRST AID AGAINST INJURIES AND BURNS.

B. SHELTER ABOARD SHIP - LARGE SHIPS, ESPECIALLY THOSE HAVING PROTECTIVE ARMOR, PROVIDE SOME SHELTER FROM THE BLAST, HEAT, AND IMMEDIATE NUCLEAR RADIATION EFFECTS. THE FARTHER YOUR ARE BELOW THE MAIN DECK, THE BETTER YOU WILL BE PROTECTED FROM NUCLEAR RADIATION. TO REDUCE THE CONTAMINATION FROM THE BASE SURGE AND FROM FALLOUT, SECURE THE APPROPRIATE CIRCLE W FITTINGS. ALL TOPSIDE OPENINGS WILL BE CLOSED FOR AS LONG AS THE SHIP IS IN THE DANGER AREA.

C. SHELTER ASHORE - SEEK PROTECTION IN DESIGNATED CIVIL DEFENSE SHELTERS. IF NOT ENOUGH TIME, SOME PROTECTION MAY BE GAINED IN A FOXHOLE, DITCH, DUGOUT, CULVERT, OR ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF A BUILDING OR IN THE BASEMENT OF A CONCRETE OR STEEL-FRAMED BUILDING. AVOID WOODEN BUILDINGS.

D. PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT. GAS MASKS - TWO DIFFERENT TYPES ARE NOW AVAILABLE HOWEVER THE MOST COMMON ABOARD SHIPS IS THE MCU-2/P. FILTERS APE MADE OF CHARCOAL AND MUST BE CHANGED AFTER IT'S USE. IT CANNOT BE USED IN A SMOKE FILLED ATMOSPHERE.

E. PERSONAL DECONTAMINATION. USE THE M258A1 DECONTAMINATION KIT. IT IS USED TO DECONTAMINATE SKIN AND SELECTED PERSONAL EQUIPMENT CONTAMINATED WITH CHEMICAL AGENTS.

F. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. PERMEABLE - USED FOR GROSS CBR DECONTAMINATION. IMPREGNATED WITH A TYPE OF PARAFFIN TO MAKE THE CLOTHING WATER RESISTANT NOT WATER PROOF. IMPERMEABLE - RUBBERIZED CLOTHING USED FOR GROSS CBR DECONTAMINATION. TIME WORN MUST BE LIMITED AND MONITORED CLOSELY BECAUSE OF HEAT STRESS.

104.11 DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING MISSION ORIENTED PROTECTIVE POSTURE (MOPP) LEVELS: (REF B)

A. MOPP LEVEL I: PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT IS ISSUED TO SHIPBOARD PERSONNEL; MASK FITTED FOR IMMEDIATE USE; PROTECTIVE SUIT, BOOTS, GLOVES AND MASK NEW CANISTERS IN CAN LOCATED AT THE BATTLE STATIONS.

B. MOPP LEVEL 2: PROTECTIVE SUIT DONNED, WITHOUT HOOD UP; MASK, WITH UNOPENED CANISTER, BOOTS AND GLOVES ARE CARRIED OR LOCATED AT BATTLE STATIONS.

C. MOPP LEVEL 3: SUIT AND BOOTS ARE WORN, WITHOUT HOOD UP; MASK FITTED WITH FILTER CANISTER; MASK AND GLOVES ARE CARRIED

D. MOPP LEVEL 4: ALL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT IS TO WORN HOOD UP AND SECURED; EXPOSED TOPSIDE PERSONNEL WILL DON RAIN GEAR OVER PROTECTIVE SUIT.

104.12 EXPLAIN THE PURPOSE OF THE SHIP'S WATER WASHDOWN SYSTEM. (REF A)

FORM A FILM OF WATER ON THE SURFACE OF THE SHIP KEEPING THE CONTAMINATION FROM ADHERING TO THE SHIP AND WASH APPROXIMATELY 98% OF THE CONTAMINATION OVER THE SIDE.

104.13 EXPLAIN THE PURPOSE OF THE COLLECTIVE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CPS). (REF B) PROTECTS SPECIFIED AREAS OF THE SHIP FROM THE EFFECTS OF CBR CONTAMINATION BY FILTERING THE AIR SUPPLY AND MAINTAINING AN OVERPRESSURE TO PREVENT THE PENETRATION OF CONTAMINATES. THE SYSTEM IS DIVIDED INTO TWO PROTECTION ZONES, THE TOTAL PROTECTION (TP) ZONE AND THE LIMITED PROTECTION (LP) ZONE. TOTAL PROTECTION ZONES PROVIDE A PRESSURIZED, TOXIC-FREE ENVIRONMENT, WHEREAS THE LP ZONES ARE NOT PRESSURIZED AND DO NO PROVIDE PROTECTION AGAINST CHEMICAL AGENTS IN GASEOUS FORM.

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