TEST 2
Food is essential for nutrition and energy
Food Hazards (Nutrition Book Table 18.1 columns 1,2, 3 & 4)
1. Chemical Additives
- Flavor, texture, decoration
- Preservatives
- 27 lbs/person/year
- Antibiotics added in animal feed
- MSG
2. Inherently Poisonous
a. Mushrooms
- Permanent Liver Damage
- Helminth Gastrointestinal Disease
b. Shellfish
- Paralytic Toxin
c. Fish
- Barracuda, snapper, amberjack, ciguatera
- Scombrotoxin Tuna, Mahi mahi
3. Microbial Hazards
- food spoilage - waste
- Infection direct
- Toxins poisons
- Change food into poisonous form
- 2 VIDEOS
- EBOLA the plague fighters
- Eating Disorders
Food Preservation
- Temperature Control
- Most frequent and best technique of Western World
- Freezing certain foods frozen for months. Cooled to 35 degrees C, then retained @ -10 degrees C. NOT a method of sterilization because cysts, spores, some bacteria ( non-spore forming) can survive.
- Common Sense:
1. Washing of hands
2. Do not use bare hands for food
3. Keeping things covered, do NOT cough/talk over food being served
- Staphylococcus aureus can produce a toxin
4. Clean cutlery, utensils, containers for cooking/storage
5. Cans which are broken distorted should not be opened & contents consumed
6. Eat food that looks/smells good & has normal consistency
- Freezing reduces metabolic activity of microbes & actual food. Maintains freshness, flavor, & taste
- Any food shoud be thawed quickly & used. DO NOT refreeze. Thawing food should be done @ refreigerated temp. (4 Degrees)
- Freeze burning food loses taste
- Refrigeration only some food are held @ short term storage (3-5 days)
- Serving of food
- <4 deg. C COLD
- >60 deg. C HOT
- 4 60 deg. C Mesophilic (most pathogens are mesophilic)
Drying
- Open air (Sun)
- Oven Drying
- Dehydrates
- Lyphilization Freeze Drying
- Coffee, nuts, tea
- Food is put into a container surrounded by liquid Nitrogen which maintains a Temp. around 75 100 degrees C
- Preserves flavor, nutrients, and quality while maintaining freshness
Vacuum Packaging
- Put food in a bag and suck the air out without dehydrating the food
- With no air, aerobic microbes can not survive
Smoking Food
- Flavors food
- Cooks food
- May be carcinogenic
BBQ
- unhealthy due to burning and possible carcinogens
Microwave
- Health practice with very low incidence of carcinogens
- One must test temperature to assure thorough cooking
Eggs
- Sunny-side up, may leave microbes in egg salmonella, etc.
Irradiation
- Nonionizing radiation - UV light
- Bacteriocidal
- Viricidal
- Fungicidal
- May be used to create an aseptic environment for food storage
- Ionizing radiation X-ray & Gamma Ray
- Radionuclear products created in food
- May show polyploidy in animals eating this feed
- Indicates tumor/cancer ???
Brine
- Saok in high salt concentration
- Increased osmotic pressure destroys organisms
Pickling
- creates an acidic environment
Syrups
- osmotic differential created
- Fungi & yeast may grow well
Chemical Preservatives
- Good
- Inexpensive
- Responsible for saving millions of lives
- Found in nearly every food
- Bad
- High Sodium (Na+)
- Carcinogens
MILK
- Considered one of the most nutritious food
- Contains all the nutrients Water, lipids, proteins, CHI
- Mothers Milk also contains Copro-antibodies (antibodies extrude through bod cavities); IgA,
3 types of IgA
- IgA in blood/lymph
- IgA in serum
- IgA as secretory component
- Does not contain Iron or Vitamin C, but almost every other nutrient
- Nutritional Index measures nutritional value of a specific nutrient per Liter
- IQ may be increased if nursed as an infant (18 months recommended)
- Bacteria and Microbes find nutrients in milk
Cows Milk
- M. Bovis
- Table 27.3 pg. 767: Pathogenic orgnaisms transmitted in food and milk
- Staph. Aureus
- Clostridium perfringens
- Bacillus cereus
- Clostridium botulinum
- Salmonella species
- Shigella
- Enteropathogenic (E. Coli)
- Campylobacter
- Vibrio Cholera
Organisms responsible for spoiling milk:
- Streptococcus Cremoris used to make
Milk Processing
- Pasteurization/Homogenized
- Table 27.4 Tests used to determine the quality of milk
- Phosphate Test
- Determines how well the milk has been pasteurized by testing for ΰ Monophosphodiesterase releases phenol from Titrated phonlic esters
- Reductase Test
- Standard Plate Count
- Test for coliforms
- Test for pathogens
Pasteurization (pg. 771)
- Heats the milk to help kill pathogens
- Heated to 6 3 degrees/30 minutes
- Heated to 87.8 degrees for 3 seconds
- Helminthes
- Parasites
- ***Pages 315- 322
1. Roundworms
- Nematodes
2. Flat worms
a. Leaf-like
- Flukes
- Trematodes
b. Ribbon-like
- Live in colonies
- Tapeworms
- Cestodes
Drugs of Abuse Potential
Handouts 18-21
CSA Controlled Substance Act
DEA Drug Enforcement Agency
CSA I
- Most abuse potential
- No medical use
- Most deadly
- Most addictive (dependence potential)
CSA V
- Least abuse potential
- Often used medically
- Least addictive potential
***Know
Drug group categories
- Narcotics
- Cannabis
- Depressants
- Stimulants
- Hallucinogens
How used/consumed
Medical Uses
Questions/answers to Handout #26 (old test)
***Do Not learn (for
test)
- Street names
- Chemical Names
WORMS
- Multicellular Eukaryotic animals
- Parasites
Survival
1. Thick cuticle
- Covering which is indigestible
2. Reproduce
- High Rate of Reproduction
- 99% or Larvae are expelled
- 1% remaining continue the disease
3. Larvae
- May be a source of disease without reaching adulthood
- May be larger than adult
4. Ability to penetrate/cut/attach
- Hooks
- Cutting plates
5. Disease/Pathogenesis
- Usually obstructive diseases result
- Some produce toxins
6. Reproduction
- Vegetative cloning
- Ex. Planaria
7. Hermaphrodites
- Contain both male and female sex organs
- Facilitates reproduction
PLATYHELMINTHES
Flatworms (Trematodes)
- Flattened Dorso-ventrally
- Leaf-like
- Regenerative abilities (Totipotency of each cell)
- Flukes
- Several Intermediate Hosts
- Humans
- Smails
- Crabs
Tapeworms (Cestodes)
- Hold on to GI wall by scolex
- Feed on digested food
- Strobila tapeworm body
- Proglotid sections that may become an individual
- Length up to 10 M
NEMATODES
Roundworms
- Tube within a tube
- Tail secretes cement to anchor the parasite to host wall
- Muscles between Cuticle and endothelium
- Most abundant animals on earth
Pinworms
- Entrobius vermicula
- Cause intense itching near anus particularly in children
Hookworms
- Ancylostoma Old world hookworm
- Necator americanus new world hookworm
TREMATODES
(Handout PH 23)
CESTODES
- Tapeworms
- Ribbon-shaped
- Upto 10 m long (30 ft.)
- Live in Colonies
- Scolex head contains hooklets & suckers
- Strobila is the chain
- Proglotids links in chain (individual organisms)
S/S
- Nausea
- Abdominal Pain
- Lethargy
- A lot of food eaten little food absorbed
- Weight loss
- T. Saginata
- Beef tapeworm
- Released from human feces θ eaten by cow θ human eats infested beef
- T. Solium
- Pork tapeworm
- Echinocossus granulosis
- Sheep Tapeworm
- Hydatid Disease
- Carriers:
- Cattle, deer, dogs, horses, humans, pigs, rabbits, sheep, wolves
- Cyst forming in various tissues
- Bone, liver, brain, heart kidney, lung, spleen
- Dibothriocephalus latus
- Dibothriocephaliasis
- Carriers:
- Humans, dogs, cats, bears
- Any fish eating organism
HEALTH CARE AGENCIES
- Government
- Secretary of Health & Human Services
- Social Secretary
- USPHS - US Public Health Services
- CDC Center for Disease Control
- FDA Food and Drug Administration
- HRA Health Resources Administration
- HAS Health Services administration
- NIH National Institute of Health
- ADAMHA Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration
- USDA Department of Agriculture
- EPA Environmental Protection Agency
- Armed Forces Branches
- Semi-government
- Red-Cross
- Private/Professional Societies
- International
- WHO
USPHS
- HQ in Washington DC
- (Handout PH 25)
- Regulate the # of beds in a hospital
- Hospital Openings, etc.
- Making sure that each areas needs are met
- Disbursement of Federal Funds
- Immunization Programs
- Generate Statistical Data for Health Regulation
CDC Center for Disease Control
- Most costly agency
- Governs:
1. Supports International Crisis
2. Diagnostic Specialties
- Collects millions of samples to help diagnose difficult diseases from around the world
3. Tracking Outbreaks
- To predict potential upcoming outbreaks (Influenza)
4. Health Education and Training
- World wide good will mission to train Foreign Countries
5. Research
- Minimal research not a major source
6. NIOSH National Institute of Occupational Science and Health
- HQ in Philadelphia
- Ergonomics
- Keeping the work place safe
- Not part of the Department of Labor (OSHA)
FDA Food and Drug Administration
- Controversial agency
- 1200 1500 products taken off of market after its been passed through FDA
- Validates the effectiveness of Drugs & Food
- Toxicology labs to help develop safety
- DEA Drug Enforcement Agency
NIH National Institute of Health
- Primary research agency
- HQ in Bathesda, MD
- 2500 grants to Universities
- ADAMHA
- Clinics/Health Centers
- Some for recovering Alcoholics
USDA US Department of Agriculture
- Not associated with Public Health Agencies it is independent
- Safeguard produce items
- Produce, meat, dairy, etc.
- Inspects some imported food
FTC Federal Trade Commission
- Safety of Imported food and other products
- Packaged foods
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
- Independent agency
- Created in 1970
- Middle man between legislation and US competition with foreign coutries
HRA Health Resources Administration
- HQ in Wahington DC
- Encourage Dr.s to serve in Poverty areas
- National Center for Health Statistics
- State PH department
- Census Bureau (1785)
HSA Health Services Administration
- Clinics, Health Centers, etc.
- Coast Guard
- Created by the United Nations
- Proposed by Brazil
- Currently an independent agency
- HQ in Geneva, Switzerland
- 6 Regional HQ
- Wahington DC
- Past work
- Immunizations for :
- Small pox
- Polio
- TB
- Today
- AIDS
RED CROSS
- International
- Cares for war prisoners
- Works in prisoner exchange
- U.S.
- Flood Relief, blood collection, etc.
- Quazi government agency
MARCH OF DIMES
- Polio
- Private foundation
- American Cancer
DEPT. OF JUSTICE
- Cares for prisoners
NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission
- Cares for regulation so population is not exposed
(PH 26 & 27)