3/10/99
Public Health
Vital Statistics/Epidemiology
· Mathematical representation of health/life related facts
· Aging population/financial gain of people
· Mortality—death; AIDS is 67%; 67% of people who have showed AIDS symptoms have died
· Morbidity—sickness or cause of absence form work; influenza is the single largest
· Epidemic—outbreak of a disease in a population or a community; 200/100,000
· Endemic—epidemic proportion but is constantly present; inner cities of US have endemic of TB
· Pandemic—epidemic proportions is worldwide ex: influenza A
· How is data obtained in the US
· Births—reporting and issuance of birth certificate; issued by state registrar chief statistical officer of the state; issued after a special form by the parent or the informant; signed by the parent and attending physician; not valid if it does not have a raised seal; illegal to copy a birth certificate
· Definition of Birth—an expulsion of a product of conception irrespective of duration of pregnancy, which showed vital signs like breathing, heartbeat, or beating of the umbilical cord anytime after this expulsion has to be reported as a live birth
· Fetal death/abortion/still births
· Death Certificate—legal document; prepared by mortuary (funeral home director); form to be filled out; indicate the age, sex, cause of disease, cause of death; has to be signed by attending physician or coroner and state registrar; required by law for the transportation of the body have the death certificate and transportation papers
· Definition of Death—disappearance of vital signs anytime after a live birth, beyond the capability of revival by the resuscitation
· Used for insurance and property settlements
· Population, age group, male : female
· Census activity
· Occurs every 10 yrs
· Census bureau
· Account for all individuals (each and everyone) in the country
· Today there is a computerized census
· Used to have inspectors go door to door
· Takes more than 10yrs to analyze the data that they collect in one year
· Very accurate information about the population for public health
· Information about financial, education, where they are moving
· Population center of the US is in Union, MO (Steelville)
3/12/99
Public Health
Vital Statistics
· Table 16.3 p435—diseases (50); reportable diseases
· Reporting of these is important to track the outbreak of how different diseases appear
· Many different departments help in collecting this information
Population: 270 million
· Ratio of females to males (105:100)
· Life expectancy is 77 years
· Women are 3 more years than men
· It takes about 87 yrs for US population to double
· 65 years or older is 14% of the population
· infant mortality rate is 1% (0.7-0.9%)—death of a child before attaining the age of one year
· Latin/South America—25 yrs to double
· Europe—112 yrs to double
· World population is about 6 billion
· Year 2000 the population should be 6 billion
· World is expected to double in 37 yrs—2040 will be about 12 billion
· Most populated countries and in the year 2025 from handout ph50
3/16/99
Microbiology II
Early Detection
· One of the best things for the people and public health statistics
· If you won't read these signals of cancer, you probably have the 8th
1. change in bowel or bladder habits
2. a sore that does not heal
3. unusual bleeding or discharge
4. thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
5. indigestion or difficulty swallowing
6. obvious change in wart or mole
7. nagging cough or hoarseness
8. A fear of cancer that can prevent you from detecting cancer at an early stage. A stage when it is highly curable. Everyone's afraid of cancer, but don’t let it scare you to death
· handout
· top10 cancers
· incidence
· warning signals
· safeguards against comment
· Lung cancer in men is one of the #1 killers
· Females #1 is breast cancer
· Genetics, fat consumption—possible causes
· Breast self examination is very important
· Much information available on how to do an examine
· Detection of the lump and then x-rays to confirm
· Self examine important for early detection—has cut down the number of deaths more than 50%
· Significant cut down in the number of deaths
· Males can also have breast cancer—almost as aggressive as in females
· Less frequently seen in males; in past 25 yrs has increased 3 fold
· 10,000/yr in US of men breast cancer
· testicular cancer is prominent in males
· seen in younger men more than in older people
· self examine is of value
· permit early detection
· 1% of cancer in men
· 29-35 y/o
· undescended testicles increases chances of cancer
· cancer causing agents in the environment
· know that some of the agents
· arsenic, benzene, asbestos, benzidine, nickel, radiation, synthetic estrogens, tobacco, vinyl chloride
· prostate cancer
· #2 killer, not colon and rectal cancer in males
· BSA test that is recommended for men in 50's to be tested
· Table 2 of cancer
· Mammography—over 50 test every year
Prevention
· Anti-oxidants
· Vit A, E, C, selenium, carotenes
· Prevention of cancers
· Oxidants are very damaging to cellular agents
· Not as powerful as radiation, but close
· Free radicals—DNA, membranes—likely to incidence of cancer
· Cut down on fat for prevention
· Common sense
· Avoid excessive exposure to sunlight to reduce the chances of skin cancer. Protect yourself form direct sun, esp at the beach
· Never smoke tobacco. AT least 80% of lung cancers could be prevented if we gave up all tobacco smoking. Cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, and bladder would also occur less often
· X-rays, cut the risk of leukemia cancer of thyroid, breast, and lungs. Avoid all x-rays during pregnancy and otherwise have only as many as are necessary to provide needed material
· Reduce your intake of foods containing preservatives when possible, particularly foods contain nitrites, and nitrates
· Cut down on fatty meats such as beef, pork, and lamb. Increase you fiber intake
· Go easy on sweeteners, bath artificial and natural
· Refuse to take drugs that may be dangerous, particularly those w/high estrogen dosages
· Live in a city or better yet in a rural area where there is little smog
· Choose a job in an industry that does not specialize in producing carcinogens. If you must work in the rubber, plastics, paint, and dye, cable, or petrochemical industry, make sure you are adequately protected from inhaling and touching the carcinogens present there.
3/23/99
Public Health
Biotechnology
· Future of society
· Food shortages met through these needs
· Sicknesses and diseases
· E. coli used as a guinea pig to produce many compounds that people are deficient in ex: insulin, factor VIII
· Getting rid of hazards in beef and pork
· Chapter 8; table 8.3
· Vaccines that are safer
· Improved crops like cotton (cotton ball worm), strawberry
· Melanoma—have been more successful in treating
Video
· Genetic engineering
· Gene manipulation
· Recombination
· All three mean the same
3/24/99
Public Health
Sterilization/Disinfection
· Chapter 13
· Definition—table 13.1
· Sterilization—complete elimination of all living organisms
· Disinfection—killing microbes in any situation in which pathogens would be killed; render an object not allowing to cause disease; non-living materials
· Antiseptic—living objects
· Sanitizer—used on food utensils
· Bacteriostatic
· Viricide
· Bactericide
· Germicide
· Sporocide
· -cidal—means killing
· -static—stopping the multiplication
· table 13.3 and 13.5—chemical agents that have the ability to accomplish disinfection and physical factors of eliminating microbes
· phenol—Lister
· autoclaving—physical process for sterilization
3/31/99
Public Health
· Pare 1537; country doctor—treated gun shot wounds with bandages soaked in egg yolk
· Prevention of infection of the wound
· Lysosymes present in the egg yolk
· Cauterization—burning of wounds w/hot iron rods or w/chemicals like turpentine used to dress the wounds—destroyed the microorganisms
· Done by the Arabs
· Semmelweis—washing of hands
· Wendel Holmes—washing of hands
· Joseph Lister--phenol
· Pasteur—pasterurization