Disease

Agent

Characteristics

Bacterial urogenital diseases

Urinary tract infections

E. coli, Proteus mirabilis

Dysuria; sometimes leads to chronic cystitis; often ascend or descend in urinary tract

Prostatitis

E. coli and other bacterial species

Dysuria, urgent and frequent urination, low fever, back pain; can cause infertility

Pyelonephritis

E. coli and other bacterial species, sometimes the yeast Candida

Inflammation of pelvis of kidney, urinary tract blockage; dysuria, nocturia, fever

Glomerulonephritis

Streptococcal or viral infections from other sites

Deposition of immune complexes causes inflammation of glomeruli; can cause permanent kidney damage

Leptospirosis

Leptospira interrognas

Fever, nonspecific symptoms; can lead to Weil's syndrome w/jaundice and liver damage

Bacterial vaginitis

Gardenerella vaginalis w/anaerobes

Frothy, fishy-smelling discharge, pain and inflammation

Toxic shock syndrome

Staphylococcus aureus

Toxins reach blood and cause fever, rash, and shock that can lead to death

Parasitic urogenital disease

Trichomoniasis

Tichomonas vaginalis

Intense itching, copious white discharge

Bacterial sexually transmitted diseases

Gonorhea

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Infectious organisms release endotoxin that damages mucosa; pus-filled discharge; can cause PID and infect other systems

Syphilis

Treponema pallidum

Chancre develops in 1° stage; mucous membrane lesions and rash occur in 2° stage; permanent cardiovascular and neurological damage often occur in3°

Chancroid

Haemophilus ducreyi

Painful, bleeding lesions on genitals; often enlarge lymphatic buboes

Nongonococcal urethritis

Chlamdia trachomatis and mycoplasmas

Scanty water urethral discharge, inflammation, sometimes sterility; can cause neonatal infections and fetal death

Lymphogranuloma venereum

Chlamydia trachomatis

Genital lesions, fever, malaise, headache, nausea, vomiting, skin rash; lymph nodes become pus-filled buboes

Granuloma inguinale

Calymmatobacterium granulomatis

Painful ulcers on genitals and other sites; loss of skin pigmentation as ulcers heal

Viral sexually trasmitted diseases

Herpes simplex infections

Herpes simplex viruses

Fever blisters usually caused by HSV-1, genital herpes usually caused by HSV-2 (both are latent viruses); recurrent painful vesicular lesions, neonatal herpes and a variety of other manifestations

Genital warts

Human papillomaviruses

Warts on genitals, vagina, and cervix; irritation and sometimes intense itching; can contribute to cervical carcinoma

Cytomegalovirus infections

Cytomegaloviruses

Often asymptomatic but severe in fetuses, neonates, and immunodeficient patients; malaise, myalgia, fever, inflamed lymph nodes, neural damage and death in fetuses and neonates

Substance

Common Sources

General Chemical Composition

Types of Microorganisms Affected

Complement

Sera of most warm blooded animals

Believed to be a protein-CHO lipoprotein complex

Gram negative

Histone

Components of the lymphatic system

Protein (sulfur containing)

Gram positive

Interferon

Virus-infected cells

Protein

Various viruses and certain protozoa

Leukin

Leukoctes

Basic peptides (protein like)

Gram positives

Lysozyme

Include leukocytes, saliva, perspiration, tears, egg whites

Protein

Mainly gram positives

Phagocytin

Leukocytes

Protein

Gram negative

Properdin

Serum

Protein

Gram negative and certain viruses

Protamine

Spermatozoa

Protein

Gram positive

Spermidine, spermine

Prostate and pancreas

Basic polyamines

Gram positives

Tissue polypeptides

Components of the lymphatic system

Basic peptides

 Gram positives

Opsonin

Lymphatic system

Protein is not an antibody but its concentration increases w/immunization

Make palatable (digestible) by macrophages

Element

Normal numbers

(/ mL)

Life span

Functions

Erythrocytes

120 days

Transport oxygen gas from lungs to tissues; transport CO2 gas from tissues to lungs

Adult male

4.6-6.2 million

Adult female

4.2-5.4 million

Newborn

5.0-5.1 million

Leukocytes

5000-9000

Hours to days

Granulocytes

Neutrophils

50-70%

Phagocytic; contain oxidative chemicals to kill internalized microbes

Eosinophils

1-5%

Release defensive chemicals to damage parasites (worms); phagocytic

Basophils

0.1%

Release histamine and other chemicals during inflammation; responsible for allergic symptoms

Agranulocytes

Monocytes

2-8%

In tissues, develop into macrophages, which are phagocytic

Lymphocytes

20-40%

Essential to specific host immune defenses; antibody production

Platelets

250,000-300,000

5-9 days

Blood clotting

Physical barriers—prevent approach and deny access to pathogens

·        Hair

·        Secretions

·        Epithelium

Phagocytes—remove debris and pathogens

·        Fixed macrophages

·        Neutrophil

·        Free macrophage

·        Eosinophil

·        Monocyte

Extracellular killing—destroys abnormal cells

Natural killer cell®abnormal cells®lysed abnormal cell

Inflammatory response—multiple effects

1.      Blood flow increased

2.      Phagocytes activated

3.      Capillary permeability increased

4.      Complement activated

5.      Clotting reaction walls off region

6.      Regional temperature increased

7.      Specific defenses activated

Fever—mobilizes defenses, accelerates repairs, inhibits pathogens

Body temperature rises above 37°C in response to pyrogens

Interferons—increase resistance of cells to infection, slow the spread of disease

Released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages and by virus-infected cells

Complement system—attacks and breaks down cell walls, attracts phagocytes, stimulates inflammation

complement®surrounds the microbe®lysed pathogen

Property

IgG

IgM

IgA

IgE

IgD

Number of units

1

5

1 or 2

1

1

Activation of complement

Yes

Yes, strongly

Yes, by alternative pathway

No

No

Crosses placenta

Yes

No

No

 No

No

Binds to phagocytes

Yes

No

 No

No

No

Binds to lymphocytes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Binds to mast cells and basophils

No

No

No

Yes

No

½ life (days) in serum

21

10

6

2

3

% of total blood antibodies in serum

75%

10%

10%

0.005%

0.2%

Location

Serum, extravascular, and across placenta

Serum and B cell membrane

Transport across epithelium

Serum and extravascular

B cell membrane

Characteristic

B cells

T cells

Macrophages

Site of production

Bone marrow

Thymus or under thymic hormones

Type of immunity

Humoral

Cell-mediated; assist in humoral

Humoral and cell-mediated

Subpopulation

Plasma cells and memory cells

Cytotoxic, helper, and memory cells

Fixed and wandering

Presence of surface antibodies

Yes

No

No

Presence of foreign surface antigens

Yes

No

Yes

Presence of receptors for antigens

Yes

Yes

No

Life span

Memory cells: years

Others:  days or wks

Years

Years

Secretory product

Antibodies

Cytokines

Cytokines

Distribution (% leukocytes)

Peripheral blood

15-30

55-75

2-12

Lymph nodes

20

75

5

Bone marrow

75

10

10-15

Thymus

10

75

10