Chapter #14 VISCERAL DISORDERS RELATED TO THE SPINE
By affecting homeostasis through normalizing the tone of the autonomic nervous system.
Segmental facilitation - this involves hyperactive sympathetic neuromeres, segmental sympatheticotonia, and finally tissue and cell pathophysiology.
3. What would be the result of facilitation on sympathetic neuromeres?
Hyperactivity of involved effectors and interneurons.
4. In which patients are subluxation found?
In both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.
No.
Prepare the gut for digestion and mediate the process of digestion and motility; increase gastric and intestinal motility, increase acid production, and relax the anal sphincter, and contract the gall bladder. Facilitate digestion.
Inhibits the digestive function; inhibition of motility and peristalsis, gastrointestinal secretions, incur vasoconstriction, and constriction of sphincters, relaxation of the gall bladder, drastic and sustained blanching of colonic mucosa.
8. What is the subluxation known to cause in relation to the sympathetic nervous system?
Facilitation of lateral horn cells and resultant sympatheticotonia.
9. What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the proximal and distal GI tract?
In the proximal GI portion, it has an anti-absorptive effect (vasoconstriction).
In the distil GI portion, it has a moderating, antiparasympathetic effect that quickly and simply inhibits digestive function under conditions of sympathetic activation (stress).
An inhibitory sympathetic effect suggesting a local, spinal reflex was responsible for somatoautonomic gastric inhibition.
The afferent stimulation of group III muscle afferents was mainly responsible for gastric inhibition (sympathetic stimulation), and that stimulation of somatic afferent pain fibers seems to produce similar adrenergic activity.
12. How does sympatheticotonia contribute to peptic ulcer?
Subluxations of the midthoracic spine facilitate gastric neuromeres and causes diminished secretion of both acid and protective mucus.
Thoracic spine subluxations.
Vagal facilitation and upper cervical subluxations.
Venous congestion of the small bowel, and gas.
Disturbed splanchnic secretion, atonic bowel, and diarrhea.
Atonic bowel, gas, decreased peristalsis, and constipation.
Decreased emptying leading to stasis, irritation, inflammation, and stones.
Muscle activity and glandular secretion.
A flat upper thoracic spine.
The same phenomenon – the findings "say it all" and clearly support the role of chiropractic in treating patients with heart disease (and a conclusion with a philosophical invitation to practitioners to utilize their manipulative skills in the treatment of all patients with heart disease, whether acute, chronic, or emergency).
Increased blood pressure and urinary catecholamines.
Slumped hyperlordotic posture with hyperextended upper cervical region.
To reduce somatic sources of irritation to the nervous system (primarily subluxations) toward the ultimate goal of autonomic normalization, not just pressure regulation.
Facilitation and resultant sympatheticotonia; specifically, upper dorsal and cervical areas increase the peripheral resistance in a significant portion of the body (also, he notes the thoracolumbar region and its relation to the efferent supply to the kidneys and adrenal glands).
Trigger points.
Slowly progressive degenerative changes.
The presence of thoracic osteophytosis.
29. Which spinal segments according to Baldwin are most likely associated with tachycardia?
C7-T5.
30. What are the three dimensions of care in the chiropractic approach to care of the patient with respiratory disease?
First is chiropractic care of related subluxations. Second is the treatment of secondary or related somatic disturbances. Third is the provision by referral for any necessary medical care.
Intercostal muscle spasm and strain of the muscles of forced expiration (abdominal muscles, intercostals, quadratus lumborum, and iliocostalis lumborum).
Muscles of forced inspiration (diaphragm, scaleni, SCM, trapezii, serrati anticus and posticus, pectorales, latissimus dorsi, and the spinal extensor muscles.
Generally, spastic obstruction to airflow due to bronchospasm (extrinsic or intrinsic). Manipulative therapists consider midthoracic and/or rib subluxations as causative factors (via reflex relationships) of neurogenic bronchospasm.
Because sympatheticotonia of the respiratory neuromeres would tend to reduce bronchospasm, not cause it.
Long-term sympatheticotonia can be deleterious not only to target tissues but also to the efferent nerves themselves. Atrophic involutionary effect can be seen whereby the clinical picture can resemble a trophic disturbance rather than facilitation and hypertonus.
The vagus nerve, related to the C1 segment by proximity, with respect to somatoautonomic reflex mechanisms.
37. How could subluxations in the upper to midthoracic spine contribute to pneumonia?
Diminish respiratory excursion (giving rise to a restrictive type of pulmonary embarrassment and decreased compliance). This initiates the following cascade of events and disturbs normal vasomotor events in the pulmonary neuromeres: decreased rib cage motion and decreased diaphragmatic excursion; fascial congestion and poor venous and lymphatic return; major disturbances in the normal homeostatic processes protecting the lungs; thereby providing an environment for opportunistic infections. The result is trophic disturbance along the pulmonary neuromeres, as well as a more direct embarrassment of pulmonary physiology.
38. What does manipulative therapy accomplish in the treatment of patients with pneumonia?
Improves venous and lymphatic return, normalized rib cage and diaphragmatic options, aids in expectoration and makes the patient more comfortable. It act by improving arterial supply and venous return so that the delivery and detoxification of medication will be at a maximum.