References:

Epidemiology:

1. Hoffmann D, Hoffmann I. The Changing Cigarette, 1950-1995. J Toxicology and Environmental Health 1997;50:307-364. This is a very complete description of what is in a cigarette, including carcinogens and other toxins, as well as information on nicotine and many other topics.
2. There are a number of great documents at the University of San Francisco that show how the tobacco industry uses it's money to induce politicians to support it contrary to the public health. Direct links are available to this site. The standard references follow.
3. S. Aguinaga, H. Macdonald, M. Traynor, M. Begay, S. Glantz. Undermining Popular Government: Tobacco Industry Political Expenditures in California 1993-1994. UCSF IHPS, 1995
   • M. Begay, and S. Glantz. Question 1: Tobacco Education Outlays From the 1994 Fiscal Year to the 1996 Fiscal Year CSF IHPS 1995.
   • F. Monardi, E. Balbach, S. Aguinaga, S. Glantz. Shifting Allegiances: Tobacco Industry Political Expenditures in California, January 1995 - March 1996. UCSF IHPS 1996.
   • F. Monardi, A. O'Neill, and S. Glantz. Tobacco Industry Political Activity in Colorado 1979 - 1995 UCSF IHPS 1996.
   • F. Monardi, and S. Glantz. Tobacco Industry Political Activity in Washington 1983 - 1996 UCSF IHPS 1996.
   • F. Monardi, and S. Glantz. Tobacco Industry Political Activity in New Jersey 1982 - 1995. UCSF IHPS 1996.
   • E. Balbach, F. Monardi, B. Fox, S. Glantz. Holding Government Accountable: Tobacco Policy Making in California, 1995-1997. UCSF IHPS 1997.
   • S. Aguinaga-Bialous and Stanton A. Glantz. Tobacco Control in Arizona 1973-1977. UCSF IHPS 1997.
   • F. Monardi, and S. Glantz. Tobacco Industry Political Activity and Tobacco Control Policy Making in Pennsylvania. 1997 - 1996. UCSF IHPS 1997. (Available on the World Wide Web at http://galen.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/pa)
   • More great information and statistical data regarding tobacco industry corruption of the democratic process is available from Public Citizen at http://www.citizen.org/congress/civjus/tobacco/swthrt.htm
   • The Cigarette Papers first chapter is also available at the UCSF Library. http://www.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/cigpapers/demo/contents.html
   • This is a list of the contents of an important special issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) (vol. 274) in 1995:
   • Looking Through a Keyhole at the Tobacco Industry: The Brown and Williamson Documents, by S.A. Glantz, D.E. Barnes, L. Bero, P. Hanauer, San Francisco, Calif; J. Slade, New Brunswick, NJ.
   • Nicotine and Addiction: The Brown and Williamson Documents, by J. Slade, New Brunswick, NJ; L.A. Bero, P. Hanauer, D.E. Barnes, S.A. Glantz, San Francisco, Calif.
   • Lawyer Control of Internal Scientific Research to Protect Against Products Liability Lawsuits: The Brown and Williamson Documents, by L. Bero, D.E. Barnes, P. Hanauer, San Francisco, Calif; J. Slade, New Brunswick, NJ; S.A. Glantz, San Francisco, Calif.
   • Lawyer Control of the Tobacco Industry's External Research Program: The Brown and Williamson Documents, by L. Bero, D.E. Barnes, P. Hanauer, San Francisco, Calif; J. Slade, New Brunswick, NJ; S.A. Glantz, San Francisco, Calif.
   • Environmental Tobacco Smoke: The Brown and Williamson Documents, by D.E. Barnes, P. Hanauer, San Francisco, Calif; J. Slade, New Brunswick, NJ; L.A. Bero, S.A. Glantz, San Francisco, Calif.
   • The Brown and Williamson Documents: The Company's Response, by T. Graham, Pleasanton, Calif.
   • The Brown and Williamson Documents: Where Do We Go From Here?, by J.S. Todd, D. Rennie, R.E. McAfee, L.R. Bristow, J.T. Painter, T.R. Reardon, D.H. Johnson, Jr., R.F. Corlin, Y.D. Coble, Jr., N.W. Dickey, T. T. Flaherty, P.E. Formica, M.S. Goldrich, W.E. Jacott, D.T. Lewers, J.C. Nelson, P.J. Seward, R.D. Smoak, Jr., M. Suk, F.B. Walker, P. Wootton, G. D. Lundberg
   • Finally, for the really serious researcher, the entire collection of tobacco industry documents can be searched directly at the University of California San Francisco's Galen. http://www.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/bw.html
   • Another place to view original tobacco industry documents is in Minnesota where a historic suit against the tobacco industry is in progress February 1998. http://www.mnbluecrosstobacco.com/toblit/trialnews/docs/.

   • For current statistics on cancer incidence a good reference is Landis SH, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA. Cancer Statistics 1998. CA Cancer J Clin 1998;48:6-29.

   • Classic Articles: CIGARETTE SMOKING CAUSES LUNG CANCER! References:
   • Wynder EL, Graham EA. Tobacco Smoking as a Possible Etiologic Factor in Bronchogenic Carcinoma. JAMA 1950;143:329-336.
   • Wynder EL, Graham EA, Croninger AB. Experimental Production of Carcinoma with Cigarette Tar. Cancer Res 1953;13:855-869.
   • Graham EA, Croninger AB, Wynder EL. Experimental production of Carcinoma with Cigarette Tar. IV. SUccessful Experiments with Rabbits. Cancer Res 1957;17:1058-1066.
   • 1.Doll R, Hill AB. A Study of the Aetiology of Carcinoma of the Lung. British Medical Journal 1952;2:1271-1286.
   • 2.Hammond EC, Horn D. Smoking and Death Rates- Report on Forty-Four Months of Follow-up of 187,783 Men. Journal of the American Medical .Association1958;166:1159-72, 1294-1308.
   • 3.Auerbach O , Stout AP, Hammond EC, Garfinkle L. Changes in bronchial epithelium in relation to cigarette smoking and in relation to lung cancer. New Enland J Med August 10, 1961;265:253-67.
   • 4.Hammond EC, Auerbach O, Garfinkle L, et al. Effects of cigarette smoking on dogs. Arch Environ Health 1970;21:740-68.

Nicotine

Johnson LM. Tobacco smoking and nicotine. Lancet dec 19, 1942;742. This article is a very early classic description of nicotine addiction sent to me by Heinz K. Ginzel MD.

Youth Access to Tobacco Products

These references are from an excellent review of this topic that can be viewed at this web site

Cummings, K., Michael, Terry Pechacek, and Donald Shopland. "The Illegal Sale of Cigarettes to

U.S. Minors: Estimates by State." American Journal of Public Health 84:2 (1994): 300-302.

DiFranza, J.R. & McAfee, T. The Tobacco Institute: Helping youth say "yes" to tobacco. The Journal of Familiy Practice, 34:694-99, 1992.

DiFranza, J.R., et al., "RJR Nabisco's Cartoon Camel Promotes Cigarettes to Children," Journal of the American Medical Association, 266:3154-3158, 1991.

DiFranza, J.R., Savageau, J.A., Aisquith, B.F. Youth Access to Tobacco: The Effects of Age, Gender, Vending Machine Locks, and "It's the Law" Programs. The Journal of Public Health

86:221-224, 1996.

Hanners, D. "Tobacco Industry Waged False Battle Against Youth Smoking," Pioneer Planet, August 26, 1998.

Levine, M. "Philip Morris Reneged on Youth Policy, Critics Say," Los Angeles Times, D1, June 28, 1996.

Rigotti, N. [et al.], "The effect of enforcing tobacco-sales laws on adolescents' access to tobacco and smoking behavior," New England Journal of Medicine, 337: 1044-1051, 1997.

Roper Organization. A Study of Public Attitudes Toward Cigarette Smoking and the Tobacco Industry in 1978, Volume 1. The Roper Organization, Inc., 1978.

© Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, 1996, revised 1998

Smoking Cessation

An enormous bibliography of high quality smoking cessation related articles can be found at AHCPR metaanalysis. http://www.ahcpr.gov/meta.htm

STAGING:

Clifton Mountain. Special Report Revisions in the International System for Staging Lung Cancer. Chest 1997;111:1710-17. (See also pp 1718-23 and 1486 in the same issue.)

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease: Bronchitis and Emphysema

Kerstjens et. al.. Decline in FEV1 by age and smoking status: facts figures and fallacies. Thorax 1997;52:820-7

Mannino DM et. al. Obstructive lung disease deaths in the United States from 1979 through 1993: An analysis using multiple-cause mortality data. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:814-8.

Hogg JC, Wright JL, Wiggs BR, Coxson HO, Opazo Saez A, Pare PD. Lung Structure and Function in Cigarette Smokers. Thorax 1994;49:473-478.

Renwick DS, Connelly MJ. Prevelance and treatment of Chronic Airways Obstruction in Adults Over the Age of 45. Thorax 1996;51:164-68.

Higgins MW, Enright PL, Kronmal RA, Schenker MB, Anton-Culver H, Lyles M. Smoking and Lung Function in Elderly Men and Women: The Cardiovascular Health Study. JAMA 1993;269:2741-8.

Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Kiley JP, Altose MD et al. Effects of Smoking Intervention and the use of an Inhaled Anticholinergic Bronchodilator on the Rate of Decline of FEV1:The Lung Health Study. JAMA 1994;272:1497-505.

Koop CE, Kessler DC, Lundberg GD.Reinventing American Tobacco Policy: Sounding the Medical Community's Voice. JAMA February 18, 1998;279:550-1.

Wynder EL, Graham EA. Tobacco Smoking as a Possible Etiologic Factor in Bronchogenic Carcinoma. JAMA 1950;143:329-336.

Berger RL, Dunton RF, Ashraf MA, Leonardi HK, Karlson KJ, Neptune WB. Thoracic Surgery and the War Against Smoking: Richard H. Overholt, MD. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;53:719-25.

Harken DE. The Tragedy of Tobacco. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985;90:794.

Glantz SA, Parmley WW> Passive Smoking and Heart Disease: Mechanisms and Risk. JAMA 1995;273:1047-53.

Novello AC. Challenges in Tobacco Control. Tobacco Use: An American Crisis. Final Conference Report and Recommendations From America's Health Community. January 9-12, 1993. p14-19.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Smoking Cessation Clinical Practice Guideline: Smoking Cessation Information for Specialists. AHCPR Publication No. 96-0694, Rockville, MD, April 1996.

VanderZwaag R, Lemp GF, Hughes JP, Ramanathan KB, Sullivan JM, Schick EC, Mirvis DM. The Effect of Cigarette Smoking on the Patern of Coronary Atherosclerosis: A Case-Control Study. Chest 1988;94:290-5.

Lao PN, Howard JT, Parsons GH. California Lung Health 1995: A Selection of Lung Health Statistics of California. American Lung Association of California. 1995.

Cole CW, Hill GB, Farzad E, Bouchard A, Moher D, Rody K, Shea B. Cigarette Smoking and Peripheral Artery Disease. Surgery 1993;114:753-7.

Shinton R, Beevers G. Meta-analysis of the Relation between Cigarette Smoking and Stroke. BMJ 1989;298:789-94.

Hammond EC, Horn D. Smoking and Death Rates- Report on Forty-four Months of Follow-up of 187,783 Men. JAMA 1958;166:1294-1308.

Doll R, Hill BA. Lung Cancer and Other Causes of Death in Relation to Smoking: A Second Report on the Mortality of British Doctors. BMJ 1956;2:1071-81.

Muir C, Weiland L. Upper Aerodigestive Tract Cancers. Cancer Suppl 1995:75:147-53.

Tuyns AJ. Laryngeal Cancer. Cancer Surv 1994;19-20:159-73.

Ahlgren JD. Epidemiology and Risk Factors in Pancreatic Cancer. Semin Oncol 1996;23:241-50.

McCredie M. Bladder and Kidney Cancers. Cancer Surv 1994;19:343-68.

Fielding JE. Preventing Colon Cancer: Yet Another Reason Not to Smoke. J Nat Cancer Inst 1994;86:162-3.

Slattery ML, Roibison LM, Schuman KL, French TK, Abbott TM, Overall JC, Gardner JW. Cigarette Smoking and Exposure to Passive Smoke are Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer. JAMA 1989;261:1593-98.

Houston TP. Tobacco Use: An American Crisis. Foreward. Final Conference Report and Recommendations From America's Health Community. January 9-12, 1993. iii-iv.

Kosary CL, Gloeckler-Ries LA, Miller BA, Hankey BF, Harras A, Edwards BK. SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1973-1992. p53.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9903, NIH Publication No. 96-2789.

Bartecchi CE, MacKenzie TD, Schrier RW. The Human Costs of Tobacco Use. N Engl J Med 1994;330:907-12.

Tager IB. Health Effects of "Passive Smoking" in Children. Chest 1989;96:1161-64.

Fielding JE, Phenow KJ. Health Effects of Involuntary Smoking. New Eng J Med 1988;319:1452-1460.

Fontham ETH, Correa P, Reynolds P, Wu-WIlliams A, Buffler PA, Greenberg RS, Chen VW, Alterman T, Boyd P, Austin DF, Liff J. Environmantal Tobacco Smoke and Lung Cancer in Nonsmoking Women: A Multicenter Study. JAMA 1994;271:1752-59.

Shinton R, Beevers G. Meta-analysis of the Relation Between Cigarette Smoking and Stroke. BMJ 1989;298:789-94.

Seeman T, Mendes de Leon C, Berkman L, Ostfeld A. Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease Among Older Men and Women: a Prospective Study of Community-dwelling Elderly. Am J Epidemiol 1993;138:1037-49.

Chun BY, Dobson AJ, Heller RF. Smoking and the Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease in an Australian Population. Med J Aust 1993;159:508-12.

Simoni G, Baiardi A, Galleano R, Bonalumi U et al. [Smoking as a Risk Factor in Arteriopathies]. Minerva Cardioangiol 1994;42:245-8.

Eneroth M, Persson BM. Risk Factors for Failed Healing in Amputation for Vascular Disease. A Prospective, Consecutive Study of 177 Cases. Acta Orthop Scand 1993;64:369-72.

Seddon JM, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Hankinson SE A Prospective Study of Cigarette Smoking and Age-related Macular Degeneration in Women (Men). JAMA 1996;276:1141-6 and 1147-51.

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Medical-Care Expenditures Attributable to Cigarette Smoking- United States, 1993. July 8, 1994;43:469-72.

CDC Editorial Note. JAMA August 10. 1994;272:429.

Vliestra RE, Kronmal RA, Oberman A, Frye R, Killip T. Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Survival of Patients with Angiographically Documented Coronary Artery Disease; Report from the CASS Registry. JAMA 1986;255:1023-7.

Hermanson B, Omenn GS, Kronmal RA, Gersh BJ. Beneficial Six-year Outcome of Smoking Cessation in Older Men and Women with Coronary Artery Disease: Results from the CASS Registry. New Eng J Med 1988;319:1365-70.

Doll R, Peto R. Mortality in Relation to Smoking : 20 Years' Observations on Male British Doctors. Br Med J 1976;2:1525-36.

Pierce JP, Fiore MC, Novotny TE, Hatziandreu EJ, Davis RM. Trends in Cigarette Smoking in the United States. JAMA 1989;261:61-65.

Kessler DA, Witt AM, Barnett PS, Zeller MR, Natblut SL, Wilkenfeld JP, Lorraine CC, Thompson LJ, Schultz WB. The Food and Drug Administration's Regulation of Tobacco Products. N. E. J. Med 1996;335:988-994.

Kosary CL, Gloeckler-Ries LA, Miller BA, Hankey BF, Harras A, Edwards BK. SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1973-1992. p39. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9903, NIH Publication No. 96-2789.

Nowak R. Key Study Unveiled- 11 Years Late. Science 1994;264:196-7.

Nowak R. Tobacco Investigation: Was Safer Cigarette Research Snuffed? Science 1994;264:766-7.

Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997;349:1498-1504.

Overholt RH. The Physician's Obligation in the Smoking Issue. NY State J Med 1964;64:1297-1300.

RADIATION THERAPY:

Gregory Sibley. Radiotherapy for Patients with Medically Inoperable Stage I Nonsmall Cell Lung Carcinoma: Smaller Volumes and Higher Doses--A Review.Cancer 1998;82:433-38