Conjunctions
Examples of Conjunctions
1.    I bought an umbrella and a handbag at the supermarket.
2.    Pei Pei likes sewing but dislikes cooking.
3.    We shall speak to Mr. Lim if he is prepared to meet us.
4.    Chandra was late because he missed the school bus.
5.    As he was too busy, the headmaster did not attend the meeting.
6.    Mahani can accept or reject the offer.
7.    He did not do well in his test so his mother scolded him.
8.    Although I disagree with Mr. Lee's suggestions, I accept him.
9.    I shall buy you either a storybook or a diary.
10.  Neither Din nor Velu is free to help you today.

Exercise A
Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.  You can use the words more than once.
 

    as    neither...nor     because   so     if    although     either...or      and     or
1.    James slept early _______________ he was tired.
2.    Alex did not do his homework _______________ his teacher did not scold him.
3.    Hasnah keeps a mynah ___________ a pair of rabbits as her pets.
4.    _____________ my father has a car, he plans to buy one more.
5.    They have __________ a knife ___________ a razor to cut the string.
6.    ____________ your shirt is dirty, change it.
7.    ____________ it was getting late, we put up a night at a hotel.
8.    You can use ___________ a ballpoint pen _________ a fountain pen to complete this form.
9.    I was hungry ________ I ate a few slices of cake.
10.  Rose is always absent from school.  The class teacher thinks that she is either lazy _______
       sickly.
11.  Mrs Ling scolded her son __________ he was stubborn.
12.  The school bus broke down on the way, _________ the pupils reached school late.
13.  The class was noisy ________ the class teacher scolded the pupils.
14.  I shall return home in a day __________ two.
15.  __________ I am not informed of the meeting, I shall not attend it.
16.  __________ I was busy, I decided not to go shopping with my mother last weekend.
17.  Take a taxi __________ you miss the train.
18.  "To go to the mosque, you can take ___________ this route ________ the other," said
       Mahmud to the old man.
19.  You can eat the packet of 'nasi lemak' _________ you are hungry.
20.  Mr ________ Mrs Chin are coming to Seremban _______ I doubt if they have the time to pay
       you a visit.
21.  __________ Lee Teng ________ Shen enjoyed the show last night because they were bored.
22. ___________ the road was flooded, the motorists could not use it.
23. " _________ you do well in your examination, I shall buy you a ring ________ a watch, Lee
      Choo,' promised Mrs Loo.
24.  They will _________ go fishing ________ go swimming this weekend.
25.  __________ the show ended early, Mr Ho and his family reached home late __________
       there was an accident on the way.

Answer

Exercise A
1.    because            2.    but            3.    and            4.    Although        5.    neither; nor
6.    If                      7.    As            8.    either; or     9.    so                10.    or
11.  because          12.    so           13.    so             14.    or                15.    As
16.  As                  17.    if             18.    either; or   19.    if                 20.    and; but
21.  Neither; nor    22.    As           23.    If; or         24.   either; or      25.    Although; because





QUESTION WORDS
List of Question Words used in  Questions.

These are words used to ask questions. All Question Words begin with 'Wh' except 'How'.  Question Words are usually used at the beginning of questions.  Some examples of Question Words are who,which, whom and what.

See the following table to know how and when the various Question Words are used.
 

              Question Words                          Usage
                 What It is used to ask about names of person,
objects and actions or verbs.
                Who It is used to ask about a person to know the identity of him/her.
               Whom I is used to ask about a person with regards to identity.
               Whose It is used to ask about belongings.
              Which It is used to ask about choices.
              Where It is used to ask about locality.
              Why It is used to ask for reasons or explanation.
              When It is used to ask about time.
              How It is used to ask for explanation or methods and also quantity.

Examples:    1.   What is in the drawer?
                   2.    Where is my watch?
                   3.    Who lives in this house?
                   4.    Which boy broke the flowerpot?
                   5.    Whose car did you borrow?
                   6.    When is National Day?
                   7.    Why are you in a hurry?
                   8.    How did the fire start?
Exercise A
Use "Who", "What", "Where" or "Which" to complete the following statements.
1.    ____________ did you tell the headmaster just now?
       I told him about the incident.
2.   ____________ do you plan to go this Saturday?
       I plan to go to Sunway Laggon this Saturday.
3.   ____________ did you throw away the ballpoint pen?
      In the dustbin.
4.  ____________ is the man with a pair of sunglasses?
     He is Hee Ling's uncle.
5.   ___________ of these dustpans belongs to my class?
     The red one.
6.  ___________ is your class teacher?
    Encik Yazid.
7.  __________ do you keep in that drawer?
     I keep my school books and files in it.
8.   __________ express bus will leave for Segamat at 10.30 a.m.?
      The one with the number plate WCG 5516.
9.   __________ is Christmas Day?
      25 December.
10. ___________ ruler is that on the table?
       Yoke Teng's


Answer

Exercise A
1.    What        2.    Where        3.    Where        4.    Who        5.    Which
6.    Who         7.    What          8.    Which        9.    When     10.    Whose




 
 

PUNCTUATIONS
Capital letters and the Full-stop
Examples:    1.  I met Liana at Parkson Supermarket.
                     2.    She has been a member of the Y.M.C.A. since 1990.
                     3.    "Are you from U.S.A., madam?" asked Encik Rashid.

The Comma
Examples:    1.    She bought a handbag, a belt, a skirt, and some food.
                     2.    Yesterday, as I was walking home, I met Omar.
                     3.    "Don't write," said the examiner, until I say so."
                     4.    "Sim Yee, show me your homework," said Mr Gopal.

The Question Mark
Examples:    1.    Is Mary your cousin?
                      2.    Are they joining us for lunch?

The Apostrophe
Examples:    1.    Tina's bag is on the table.
                     2.     The angry man took away the boy's ball.
                     3.    "I'm sorry.  I can't tell you my plan," said Firdaus.

The Exclamation Mark and Quotation Marks
Examples: 1.    "Keep quiet!" shouted Mr Ling angrily.
                  2.      "Ouch! You"ve stepped on my shoes!" exclaimed Hing Leng.
 

Exercise A
Read the following sentences carefully.  Then use capital letters for certain words and add full-stops at appropriate places.
1.    he received a letter from miss goh
       _______________________________________________________________________

2.   our coming examination will be in september
      ________________________________________________________________________

3.    "collect the books for me, mohan," said mr chen
      ________________________________________________________________________

4.   the abbreviations for new zealand and united arab republic  are n. z. and u. a. r. respectively
      ________________________________________________________________________

Read the following statements.  Then add commas and full-stops or question marks at the end of the sentences.

5.    Malik Ah Chong Baskaran and Kumari are my classmates
       _______________________________________________________________________

6.    He left the office earlier thean usual yesterday didn't he
       _______________________________________________________________________

7.    "Omar do you know who helped the head prefect prepare the speech" asked Mrs Lee
       ________________________________________________________________________

8.    Yesterday as I was driving home after work I was caught in a traffic jam
        _______________________________________________________________________

Read and add the apostrophe, the exclamation mark and quotation marks where apprropriate.

9.    Stop the thief, exclaimed the woman to some people around her.
       _______________________________________________________________________

10.  Hassan s brother borrowed my uncle s car for his wedding.
       _______________________________________________________________________





Answer
Exercise A
1.    He received a letter from Miss Goh.
2.   Our coming examination will be in September.
3.    "Collect the books for me, Mohan," said Mr Chen.
4.   The abbreviations for New Zealand  and United Arab Republic are N. Z and U.A.R.
       respectively.
5.    Malik, Ah Chong, Baskaran and Kumari are my classmates.
6.    He left the office earlier than usual yesterday, didn't he?
7.    "Omar, do you know who helped the head prefect prepare the speech?" asked Mrs Lee.
8.    Yesterday as I was driving home after work, I was caught in a traffic jam.
9.   " Stop the thief!" exclaimed the woman to some people around her.
10.  Hassan' s brother borrowed my uncle' s car for his wedding.

Articles

There are two different types of Articles namely the Definite Article and the Indefinite Articles. The Definite Article 'The' is used to refer to a particular person, thing or place and also when it is repeated in a sentence.  The Indefinite Articles 'A' and 'An' are used to refer to any one thing, person or animal.

See the following table to know how the Articles are used.
 

       Articles
Usage
     The
It is used to refer to a person, place, thing or animal of a particular type or of which there is only one.
It is used to refer to a person, place, thing or animal that is being repeated in a sentence.
An
It is used to refer to any one person, place, thing or animal that begins with a vowel sound (a/e/i/o/u) or the silent 'h'.
A
It is used to refer to any one person, thing, place or animal that begins with a consonant sound.
Examples of sentences
A.  Sentences with the Definite Article 'the'.
1.    The brown shoes belong to me.
2.    She is the richest woman here.
3.    That is the worst film I have seen.
4.    Are you the owner of this bungalow?
5.    I am the person who gave you the gift.

B.    Sentences with the Indefinite Article 'An'.
6.    An eagle feeds on small animals.
7.    He is an intelligent boy.
8.    "I am an architect," said Mr. Rodney.
9.    Is your mothe an artist?
10.  An old woman came to see you.

C.   Sentences with the Indefinite Article 'A'.
11.  "I am not a teacher," said Miss Allen.
12.  She is a good cook.
13.  Please give me a few slices of bread.
14.  Do you have a story book?
15.  It is a new motorcycle.

Exercise A
1.    My uncle is .................. engineer in Sabah.
2.    Can you lend me ............... long ruler?
3.    ..................... flower vase is really beautiful.
4.    ..................... tall man is my neighbour.
5.    ..................... new car belongs to Mr. Yong.
6.    She is ....................... teacher in a primary school.
7.    You are ...................... cleverest in this class.
8.    .......................... young woman came to look for you.
9.    Please buy me ..................... envelope from that shop.
10.  I shall meet them in ....................... hour.
11.  It was really .................. honour to me.
12.  My sister is ..................... actress in Hong Kong.
13.  Who is ...................... little girl over there?
14.   Is he .................... best student in this school?
15.  I would like to see .................... manger of this bank.

Answer

Exercise A
1.    an        2.    a        3.    The        4.    The         5.    The        6.    a        7.    the
8.    A        9.    an        10. an         11.    an         12.    an        13.    the    14.    the
15.  the
 



ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
 
The Active Voice
The Passive Voice
1.  They sweep the floor.
2.  Mr Lee repairs the car.
3.  She waters the plants.
1.  The floor is swept by them.
2.  The car is repaired by Mr Lee.
3.  The plants are watered by her.

Exercise
Read and write the word 'Active Voice' or 'Paddive Voice' at the end of each statement below.
1.    Pens are used for writing.                                                (                            )
2.    Aziz painted the school gate.                                            (                            )
3.    I ate the cake just now.                                                    (                           )
4.    The pupils wiped thewindowpanes.                                  (                            )
5.    Eli was asked to buy some eggs for Mrs Wong.                (                           )

Rewrite these sentences in the active voice.
6.    The pupils was punished by Mrs Muthu.
        ______________________________________________________________________
7.    A new dress was sewn by Cik Siti for her aunt.
       _______________________________________________________________________
8.    The egg is fried in a pan.
        _______________________________________________________________________
9.    Some salt is added to the soup.
        _______________________________________________________________________
10.  The house was built by a group of workers.
        _______________________________________________________________________

Rewrite these sentences in the passive voice.
11.    Encik Karim checks the car engine.
        _______________________________________________________________________
12.    He removed all the nails from the planks.
        _______________________________________________________________________
13.    A python ate the chickens.
        _______________________________________________________________________
14.    Mr Oh advised Soo Chin and Meng Kon to sleep early.
        _______________________________________________________________________
15.   The old man collected the durians this morning.
        _______________________________________________________________________
 

Answer

Exercise
1.    Passive Voice
2.    Active Voice
3.    Active Voice
4.    Active Voice
5.    Passive Voice
6.    Mrs. Muthu punished the pupil.
7.    Cik Siti sewed a new dress for her aunt.
8.    Fry the egg in a pan.
9.    Add some salt to the soup.
10.  A group of workers built the house.
11.  The  car engine is checked by Encik Karim.
12.  All the nails from the planks were removed.
13.   The chickens were eaten by a python.
14.   Soo Chin and Meng Kon were advised to sleep early by Mr. Oh.
15.   The durians were collected this morning by the old man.



ADVERBS
Types and examples of Adverbs
1.    Adverbs of Manner
        Examples    1.  Christine dances gracefully.
                           2.  The stewardess speaks politely to Mrs Fong.
2.    Adverbs of Time
        Examples    1.    They shall visit him later.
                           2.   I shall  do my homework before I watch television.
3.    Adverbs pf Place
        Examples    1.    The mechanic left his toolds everywhere.
                           2.   We shall pitch the tents here.
4.    Adverbs of Frequency
        Examples    1.    Jane Ho often visits her aunt.
                          2.    He seldom goes out with his parents.
5.    Adverbs of Degree
        Examples    1.    We are fully prepared for the examination.
                           2.    She was slightly hurt by the headmistress's remark.

Exercise
Read and circle the correct word in the brackets.
1.    The runners panted (quickly, heavily) after the race.
2.    Mary did (nicely, extremely0 well in his last test.  His friends congratulated him.
3.    The boys stroked the kittens (neatly, gently).
4.    The farmer tied his buffalo over (there, they) after work.
5.    Ramli is an intelligent pupil.  He has 9always, never) failed in his tests.
6.    My brother and i enjoy swimming. We (seldom, often) go swimming on weekends.
7.    Miss Soo (warmly, politely)rejected the offer from her colleagues.
8.    She was (greatly, quietly) disappointed because she did not receive what she expected.
9.    The tourists walked (briskly, loudly) along the narrow path.
10.  Mr. Lim's van was (poorly, badly) dented in an accident last Friday.

Answer

Exercise

1.    heavily        2.    extremely        3.    gently        4.    there        5.    never
6.    often           7.    politely            8.    greatly       9.   briskly     10.    badly




Antonyms (Opposite Words)
     Opposite Words are words which are entirely different in meaning to one another.  They are also known as Antonyms.
See the following list of opposite words.
 
Words
Opposite meaning
Words
Opposite meaning
in
good
near
small
sit
thin
rich
buy
deep
give
large
out
bad
far
big
stand
fat
poor
sell
shallow
take
tiny
lazy
high
clever
man
sad
thick
slow
wide
here
laugh
round
hardworking
low
stupid
woman
happy
thin
fast
narrow
there
cry
square

Some examples of sentences.
1.  Mr. Lai is thin but his brother is fat.
2.  Are you old or young?
3.  The road to your house is wide but the path is narrow.
4.  I am always happy but he's normally sad.
5.  Miss Devi is rich but her sister is poor.
6.  I don't know if the pond is deep or shallow.
7.  "Are the cakes hard or soft?" asked Rafizal.
8.  All the girls in this class are clever but the boys are stupid.
9.  The clock is cheap but the watch is dear.
10.I am healthy but you are sickly.

Exercise

Write out the word which has the opposite meaning as the word underlined in each question.
1.  My grandmother is old but her husband is ........................ .
2.  Is the question easy or .................. to answer?
3.  He is usually happy.  He is seldom .................................. .
4.  Are the rooms in this house bright or .............................. ?
5.  You must be ....................... . You should never be lazy.
6.  Can I have a ....................... ruler? This is a short one.
7.  Cik Mastika wants a ..................... watch.  Hers is already old.
8.  If the bag is too small, you can use the ........................ one.
9.  Miss Alina is a ..................... woman but her sister is silly.
10.Learn to be ............................. . Don't ever be rude to anyone.

Answer

Exercise
1.    young        2.    difficult        3.    sad        4.    dark        5.    hardworking
6.    long          7.     new            8.    big         9.    clever    10.    polite



Synonyms
     A synonym is a word with the same meaning or nearly the same meaning as another word.
See the following list of  same meaning
 
Words
Same meaning
Words
Same meaning
above
answer
clean
dear
famous
gather
occupation
sad
thin
over
reply
tidy
expensive
well-known
collect
job
unhappy
burglar
afraid
beautiful
close
difficult
finish
jungle
little
sick
warm
frightened
pretty
shut
hard
end
forest
small
ill
hot

Exercise
Choose the word which has the same meaning as the word underlined in each question.
1.  My house is at the foot of the hill.
     A.  slope                B.  top                C.   bottom                D.  side
2.  Could you please tell me which is the right answer?
     A.  correct            B.  left                  C.  wrong                  D.  untrue
3. Wai Sim is never rude to her elders.
     A.  kind                B.  impolite           C.  naughty                D.   polite
4.  Hoi Mei helps her mother keep the house tidy.
     A.  messy             B.  clean               C.  dirty                     D.  full
5.  Wai Chin is going to choose a dress for her sister.
     A.  select             B.  buy                  C.  sell                       D.  get
6.  Today we are going to study about Malaysia.
     A.  learn              B.  teach                C.  talk                     D.  read
7.  Does hadi find this sum difficult?
     A.  easy              B.  soft                   C.  simple                 D.  hard
8.  Swee Lin's father is a very wealthy man.
     A.  rich                B.  poor                 C.  generous            D.  selfish
9.  Are you going to start writing your letter tonight?
      A.  finish               B.  end                   C.  begin                D.  continue
10. Do you know why that little girl is crying?
      A.  playing            B.  laughing            C.  studying            D.  weeping

Answer

1.   A      2.  A       3.  B       4.  B       5.  A     6.  A      7.  D     8.  A       9.  C      10.  D




Comparison of Adjectives
There are three degrees of comparison:
(i)      The positive Degree
(ii)     The Comparative Degree
(iii)     The Superlative Degree

There are two ways of  forming the Comparative and Superlative:
(A)  By adding ER(R) and EST(ST) to the positive
 

Positive
Comparative
Superlative
               big
              bright
              clean
              cold
              dark
              deep
              easy
              fast
              fat
              happy
              hard
              heavy
              high
              hot
              long
              low
              near
             old
             small
             short
             slow
             thick
             thin
            weak
            wet
         bigger than
         brighter than
         cleaner than
         colder than
         darker than
         deeper than
         easier than
         faster than
         fatter than
         happier than
         harder than
         heavier than
         higher than
         hotter than
        longer than
        lower than
        nearer than
        older than
        smaller than
        shorter than
        slower than
        thicker than
        thinner than
        weaker than
        wetter than
           the biggest
           the brightest
           the cleanest
           the coldest
           the darkest
           the deepest
           the easiest
           the fastest
           the fattest
           the happiest
           the hardest
           the heaviest
           the highest 
           the hottest
           the longest
           the lowest
           the nearest
           the oldest
           the smallest 
           the shortest
           the slowest
           the thickest
           the thinnest
           the weakest
           the wettest

(B)  By adding MORE and MOST

Positive
Comparative
Superlative
             beautiful
            careful
            difficult
            foolish
            useful
           more beautiful
           more careful
           more difficult
           more foolish
           more useful
            most beautiful
            most careful
            most difficult
            most foolish
            most useful

(C) Some irregular Comparatives and Superlatives

Positive
Comparative
Superlative

             bad
             good
             little
             many
             much
             far

                   worse
                   better
                   less
                  more
                  more
                 further
                  worst
                  best
                  least
                  most
                  most
                  furthest
Exercise A
Choose the most suitable answer.
1.  Is that question the ...........................?
     A.  difficult            B.  less difficult        C.  more difficult         D.  most difficult
2.  Which is the ....................... river in Malaysia?
    A.  longer              B.  longest               C.  more long              D.  most long
3.  Kok Weng is .................... than Swee Bee.
    A.  hardworking    B.  harder working    C.  hardest working    D.  more hardworking
4. Look at those three naughty boys standing there.  Ali is the ............................ .
   A.  more naughty    B.  most naughty       C.  naughtier               D.  naughtiest
5.  Amy thinks this sum is ............................ than that sum.
   A.  difficult            B.  most difficult          C.  more difficult        D.  very difficult
6.  Which insect is ......................, the butterfly or the month?
    A.  beautiful         B.  more beautiful        C.  very beautiful        D.  most beautiful
7.  Thank you for helping me.  You are very ........................... .
    A.  kinder            B.  kindest                   C.  most kind            D.  kind
8.  My brother can run fast. Wing Lun's brother can also run .............................. .
    A.  faster            B.   fastest                    C. more fast              D.  fast
9. Is she the ........................ in her family?
    A.  younger        B.  youngest                 C.  very young           D.  young
10.Muthu is strong but his father is ...................................... .
    A.  stronger        B.  strongest                 C.  more strong        D.  strong

Answer

Exercise A
1.    D    2.  B    3.  D    4.     5.  C    6.  B    7.  D    8.  D    9.     10.  A


Muka surat ini disediakan oleh Wong Kuong Mee
04.11.99





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