The Prokaryotes Vs. the Eukaryotes

After the formation of the biological membrane, the protocell then follow the 4 major steps of chemical evolution (click here to review the 4 steps..), which then led to the formation of the most primitive life -- the prokaryote, commonly known as the "bacteria". The prokayrotes are the single-celled organisms that have successfully acquired the biological membrane system, but lack the endomembrane systems found in the more advanced eukaryotes.

The prokaryotes thus were the earliest organisms, and they lived and evolved all alone on Earth for 2 billion years. They had continued to adapt and flourish on a changing Earth, and in turn they have helped to change the Earth (Campbell).

The eukaryotes, on the other hand, are more advanced with endomembrane systems. That is, they evolved the ability to "engulf" other prokaryotes and acquire whatever function the prokaryotes were capable of. For example, endocytosis of cyanobacteria (a prokaryote) gives some eukaryotes the ability to perform photosynthesis. Other examples include the engulfing of golgi apparatus, mitochondria, etc. With this incredible ability, the eukaryotes were able to evolve into more advanced organisms such as human beings.

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