I. Forces Influencing the Development of Nursing Practice (15%)
A. World events and trends
1. Religion and religious orders (e.g., the Reformation, deaconesses, knights, Sisters of Mercy, Sisters of Charity, Benedictine order)
2. Wars (e.g., Crimean War, American Civil War, World War I, World War II)
3. Socioeconomic factors (e.g., the Industrial Revolution, immigration, women's movement, labour movements)
B. Major contributions of significant leaders in nursing practice, theory, and education (e.g., Florence Nightingale, Isabel Hampton Robb, Dorothea Dix, Lillian Wald, Linda Richards, Lydia Hall, Adelaide Nutting, Lucille Petry Leone, Mildred Montag, Martha Rogers, Faye Abdellah, Mary Mahoney, Margaret Sanger, Virginia Henderson, Hildegard Peplau, Carrie Lenburg, Madeleine Leininger, Reva Rubin, Jean Watson, Sister Callista Roy, Dorothea Orem)
Florence Nightingale
She established a fromal nursing educational program that included nursing in the home as well as in the hospital environment. Many of her developments form the basis of nursing, as well as general medical, care, such as cleanliness and comfort, meeting basic needs, and education of the patient and their family.
Isabel Hampton Robb
She helped form the Nurses' Associated Alumni of the United States and Canada (circa 1890s). This later became the American Nurses' Assocaition (ANA).
Dorothea Dix
Lillian Wald
She, with Mary Brewster, opened the Henry Street Settlement which had nurses in a community role, home visiting nurses. With greater responsibility because they were often in situations where they acted with greater independence (1893)
Linda Richards
Lydia Hall
Adelaide Nutting
Became the first professor of nursing in a university (1907). She had been a force in having nursing programs affiliated with universities.
Lucille Petry Leone
Mildred Montag
Martha Rogers
Faye Abdellah
Mary Mahoney
Margaret Sanger
Virginia Henderson
Hildegard Peplau (1952)
Carrie Lenburg
Madeleine Leininger
Reva Rubin
Jean Watson
Sister Callista Roy
Dorothea Orem
C. Significant studies
1. Nursing and Nursing Education in the United States. The Goldmark Report (1923)
A report funded by the Rockefeller Foundation which surveyed nursing education, finding that nursing education required financial support and recommended that that support be provided to university schools of nursing.
2. Nursing for the Future. The Brown Report (1948)
3. The Education of Nursing Technicians. The Montag Report (1951)
4. An Abstract for Action. The Lysaught Report (1970)
5. The Study of Credentialing in Nursing: A New Approach. (1979)
6. The National Commission on Nursing. The American Hospital Association, The Hospital Research and Education Trust, and the American Hospital Supply Corporation (1990)
D. Changing patterns in nursing education
1. Evolution from apprenticeship to college-based preparation
2. Influence of federal funding (e.g., Nurse Cadet Corps, Nurse Training Acts)
3. Organizational influences
a. American Nurses' Association (ANA) position paper (1965)
b. American Nurses' Association (ANA) position paper (1985)
c. National League for Nursing (NLN) accreditation movement
E. Nursing organizations - origin, membership, purposes and functions, publications, impact on nursing
1. American Nurses' Association (ANA)
2. International Council of Nurses (ICN)
3. National League for Nursing (NLN)
4. ANA Political Action Committee (ANA-PAC)
5. National Council of State Boards of Nursing
6. National Student Nurses' Association
7. National Organization for Advancement of Associate Degree Nursing
8. National Black Nurses' Association (NBNA)
9. Special interest organizations (e.g., operating room nurses, industrial nurses)
