Islam and the Life of Muhammad
Islam was originated by Muhammad, who was born in Mecca around 570 A.D. Mecca, which is located in the Arabian Peninsula (modern day Saudi Arabia) close to the Red Sea, is considered the holiest city in the Islam religion. Before the origination of Islam, Mecca was a center of religious pilgrimage. A black meteorite (called the Alhajar Al-Aswad), located in Mecca, was held in high regard because it was believed to have fallen from heaven. A square shrine, called the Kabah (cube), contains the embedded meteorite. Muslims believe the meteorite pre-dates creation and fell at the feet of Adam and Eve.
During the time of Muhammad’s birth, several religions existed in the Arabian Peninsula, including Judaism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and local polytheistic religions. The culture and people of the Arabian Peninsula during this time lived mainly in tribal groups or clans. The majority of these Arabic tribes held polytheistic beliefs. These polytheistic religions worshiped spirits of nature such as tree spirits and mountain spirits. Tribal gods and jinn (or jinni) spirits were also worshiped. Jinn were believed to be invisible, concealed spirits with free will, and also believed to have been created from smokeless fire. Jinn can be either good or bad; however, it was believed that the majority of jinn were deceitful spirits often able to enter people. Islam adopted the concept of jinn, along with other influences from both the polytheistic and monotheistic religions of this region. A common belief among these polytheistic beliefs was that a supreme god Allah existed, but other spirits and gods were the primary focus during daily worship. Allah was believed to have three goddess daughters, al-Lat, Manat, and al-Uzza. These three goddesses were believed to be related to nature, the moon and fertility.
At this time as many as 360 religious images of tribal gods and goddesses were placed within the Kabah, along with 24 statues (according to traditional accounts). Yearly religious pilgrimages to Mecca also took place, and a four-month period of truce existed during this time to keep peace among the many Arabian tribes.
Muhammad was born into the dominant tribe Quraysh in Mecca. Muhammad’s father, Abdullah was a merchant who traveled regularly in caravan trips. Abdullah died shortly before Muhammad’s birth, on a trading trip soon after his marriage to Muhammad’s mother Aminah. Aminah died when Muhammad was six. Muhammad then lived with his grandfather Abd al-Muttalib, who had an important leadership position in the Quraysh tribe, and is believed to have been a keeper of the Kabah. Muhammad’s’ grandfather died when Muhammad was six, and Muhammad went to live with his uncle Abu Talib.
Muhammad was taught the family business and worked as a caravan driver for a widow named Khadijah. Khadijah arranged for Muhammad to oversee her trading business, and Muhammad and Khadijah developed a friendship. Khadijah proposed to Muhammad, and they were married when Muhammad was 25 and Khadijah was 40 around 595 A.D. Khadijah and Muhammad had six children, two sons and four daughters. Both sons died early in life and therefore Muhammad had no sons to be his heredity successor, which was considered very important in this culture.
Having married Khadijah, who was wealthy, Muhammad had time to spend mediating and philosophizing. Muhammad regularly would retreat to caves in the hills surrounding Mecca on a personal mission to find truth. When Muhammad was 40, he retreated to one of his frequent places of seclusion, a cave on Mount Hijra during the month of Ramadan (originally a pagan festival). Muhammad recorded his first revelation (as recorded in the chapter 96 of the Qur’an). Tradition states that the vision appeared as a bright presence that held a bright cloth with writing for Muhammad to see. Muhammad shared this revelation with Khadijah, who encouraged Muhammad to be a messenger of Allah. Muhammad believed that the bright presence was the angel Gabriel. Muhammad continued to report this vision to others. At first, Muhammad only shared these visions with close friends and family, who became the first Muslims (meaning “people who submit to Allah”).
During the next three years, Muhammad’s message spread quietly among the people of Mecca, particularly among the youth. Muhammad is believed to have received instructions from Allah to publicly reveal the message and condemn the paganism and idolatry of Mecca. Muhammad also denounced usury (lending money at exorbitant rates) and the failure to keep fair contracts. Muhammad’s message was not well received, largely because the condemnation of idolatry became and economic threat to the financial prosperity of Mecca, particularly the pilgrimage trade since common business practices were denounced and the sale of statues and images. The revelations demanded the destruction of statues and images, including the statues and images in the Kabah, although, Muhammad did not have political power yet to enforce this rule. An organized opposition to Muhammad and Islam arose. In 615 A.D., some Muslim followers of Muhammad fled to Ethiopia for asylum. Muhammad’s wife Khadijah died in 619 A.D., and Muhammad’s uncle Abu Talib died five weeks later. Muhammad and his followers considered leaving Mecca.
In 620 A.D., while still in Mecca, Muhammad is said to have experienced himself being carried away to Jerusalem and ascending from there into paradise. Tradition states that the angel Gabriel guided Muhammad upward in this experience called the Night Journey or Night of Ascent. As Muhammad ascended toward the uppermost heaven, he encountered angels, and the great prophets from the past including Abraham and Jesus. Muhammad is said to have eventually entered into the presence of Allah. Muslims disagree as to whether Muhammad’s experience was a true physical ascension or vision. Muslim artists, however, portray Muhammad’s experience as physical, where Muhammad is painted as being carried on the back of the celestial horse Buraq. Muhammad viewed this experience as a confirmation that he was to be a prophet and messenger of Allah.
Conflict with Muhammad’s followers and the Quraysh tribe caused Muhammad and his followers to leave Mecca for Yathrib, a city located about 250 miles north of Mecca. The pilgrimage of Muslims from Mecca to Yathrib is known as Hijra (“flight”) in Islam. Muslims view the Hijra as the turning point in Islam. The year of Hijra is marked as year 1 on the Islamic calendar. Yathrib was a city with both Jewish and Arabic tribes. Many people of Yathrib were interested in Muhammad’s teachings. The city of Yathrib is now called Medina, meaning city of the prophet.
Islam grew rapidly in Yathrib, including originally strong supporters of polytheism, which surprised the Jewish tribes [1]. In 622 A.D. the first Islamic Mosque was build in Yathrib.
Muhammad’s goal was to return to Mecca, but the powerful Quraysh tribe in Mecca was in the way. The Quraysh tribe, which Muhammad was born into, had now become Muhammad’s enemy. Muhammad set large groups of raiders out on the road from Yathrib to Mecca in order to ambush and rob Quraysh caravan parties [2], which several originally failed. After several failures, a Muslim raid was successful on the last day of the holy month of Rajab, although this broke a truce that existed in Arabic custom [2]. One of the Quraysh tribe was killed and the other two were taken captive for ransom [See 2, 15]. A fifth of the amount robbed was given to Muhammad as the Qur’an 8:41 states “And know that out of all the booty that ye may acquire (in war), a fifth share is assigned to Allah,- and to the Messenger (Muhammad), and to near relatives, orphans, the needy, and the wayfarer,- if ye do believe in Allah and in the revelation We sent down to Our servant on the Day of Testing,- the Day of the meeting of the two forces. For Allah hath power over all things [3].” Muhammad continued several more raids on Quraysh caravans. While chasing a Quraysh caravan, the Muslim raiding party ambushed Quraysh water carriers at a spring in Badr. One carrier escaped and the others were beaten to get information regarding the position and size of the caravan [4]; however, Muhammad’s raiding party was not able to catch up with the caravan [5]. The caravan leader Abu Sufyan was informed that Muhammad’s raiding party was attempting to intercept the caravan, Abu Sufyan sent message to the Quraysh [6].
The Quraysh at this point were sending men out to the caravan to protect the caravan against Muhammad’s force [6]. Muhammad and his raiding party remained at Badr to take position and rest [7]. On January 13th, 624 A.D. (2nd year of Hijra) during the 17th of Ramadan [8], Muhammad ordered his army to stay in position while the Quraysh army approached. Although the battle of Badr took place during Ramadan, Ramadan is a holy month that the Qur’an itself forbids fighting: Qur’an 9:5: “But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, an seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war) [9].” The Islamic Hadith estimates the Quraysh at around 900 men and the Muslim army about 300 men. The battle took place on a very windy day creating sand storms. After some fighting, the Quraysh army fled. Muhammad’s force won the battle and continued to brutally execute the wounded and captured, including the common practice of beheading [10], as the practice of beheading is also instructed in Qur’an 8:12 “Remember thy Lord inspired the angels (with the message): ‘I am with you: give firmness to the Believers: I will instill terror into the hearts of the Unbelievers: smite ye above their necks and smite all their finger-tips off them [11].’” The plunder from the battle was divided up with Muhammad and his caravan raiders [12]. Converts (to Islam) from the Quraysh tribe who had fought with Muhammad’s forces in Badr also received dividends of the plunder [13]. Muhammad attributed plunder from the Badr raid as a victory, which was given by Allah in Qur’an 8:42 “Remember ye were on the hither side of the valley, and they on the farther side, and the caravan on lower ground than ye. Even if ye had made a mutual appointment to meet, ye would certainly have failed in the appointment: But (thus ye met), that Allah might accomplish a matter already enacted; that those who died might die after a clear Sign (had been given), and those who lived might live after a clear Sign (had been given). And verily Allah is He Who heareth and knoweth (all things) [14].” Many of the remaining captives that were not killed were taken back to Yathrib and held for ransom [15].
Muhammad’s popularity and power grew in Yathrib after the battle of Badr. Muhammad and his Muslim followers soon turned to battle the three Jewish tribes that lived in Yathrib [16]. Muhammad’s forces defeated the three Jewish tribes separately. The Jewish tribes were banished from Yathrib and many women and children were taken as prisoners/slaves [17]. Muhammad and the Muslims of Yathrib kept the property and wealth of the banished and killed Jewish tribes [17]. Regarding the banishment of the Jewish tribes, the property that was taken and the slaves that were taken, the Qur’an 33:26, 27 states “And those of the People of the Book who aided them - Allah did take them down from their strongholds and cast terror into their hearts. (So that) some ye slew, and some ye made prisoners. And He made you heirs of their lands, their houses, and their goods, and of a land which ye had not frequented (before). And Allah has power over all things [18].”
During the years following the battle of Badr a ten-year treaty called the Hudaibiyah, between the Muslims of Yathrib and the city of Mecca was agreed upon. The treaty allowed Muhammad and his followers to enter Mecca during the annual pilgrimage in order to have access to the black meteorite stone in the Kabah. Muhammad’s influence and following was increasing in surrounding areas and in Mecca where Islam continued to gain converts. Two years into the treaty and during the holy month of Ramadan, Muhammad assembled and army and took over the city of Mecca and destroyed all of the images and statues in the Kabah. Muhammad’s conquest of Mecca took place around 630 A.D., about 6 years after the Hijra to Yathrib. Over the next two years, Islam’s influence spread and dominated the entire Arabian Peninsula.
In 632 A.D., Muhammad took part in the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca. When Muhammad returned to Yathrib after the pilgrimage, he turned his attention on plans to attack surrounding kingdoms north of the Arabian Peninsula that contained religions such as Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and other beliefs. During these plans, Muhammad became very ill and died on Monday June 8th, 632 A.D. at the age of 63. Muhammad’s closest friend Abu Bakr was chosen as the Caliph (successor to Muhammad). Muhammad was buried in Aisha’s (Muhammad’s favorite wife, whose arms he died in) house. The tomb was vaulted and sectioned off from the rest of the house.
Khadijah died two years before Muhammad fled to Yathrib. After the death of Khadijah, Muhammad remarried many times. Historians differ as to how many wives Muhammad had, but the low figure is 12 and high figure is 22. Historians attribute the varying numbers to differentiating, which women were married to Muhammad and which were slaves.
Muhammad’s marriage to his second wife took place in 620 A.D. two months after Khadijah’s death and before the Hijra to Yathrib.
Muhammad desired his closest friend Abu Bakr’s daughter Aisha [19] and Muhammad requested a marriage with her [20]. Abu Bakr initially declined, however Muhammad convinced Abu Bakr [20]. When Muhammad was 50 years old Abu Bakr betrothed his daughter to Muhammad when Aisha was six years old [21] and still playing with dolls [22]. Three years later when Aisha was nine and Muhammad was 53, the formal marriage took place (before the withdraw from Mecca to Yathrib) and the marriage was sexually consummated [21]. Aisha was Muhammad’s third wife. Although Muhammad continued sexual relations with all his wives [23], Aisha remained his favorite wife [24]. Although Khadijah had died before Aisha was three (before the marriage to Muhammad), Aisha is known to have been jealous of Khadijah [25].
Muhammad attained his seventh wife, a 20 year old Jewish women, Juwairiya from destroying the Jewish tribe Bani Mustaliq [26] that resided outside of Yathrib. This particular attack took place after the banishment and defeat of the three Jewish tribes in Yathrib. Muhammad and his forces took the tribe under a surprise attack [26]. Aisha was jealous of Juwairiya’s marriage to Muhammad and disliked her because of her beauty.
Muhammad attained his tenth wife, a 17 year old Jewish women, Safiya after slaughtering the Jewish tribe at the city of Khaibar [27].
Although Muslim law according to the Koran permits men to have four wives [34], Muhammad excluded himself from this law that he made. Muhammad practiced taking women slaves of war as wives and allowed this practice [See 34, 38].
After Muhammad’s death, Muslim’s expanded Islam’s territory through military raids and war. The rise and expansion of Islam was brutal, fast and powerful. In 634 A.D., Muslims captured Damascus. In 636 A.D. in a battle at the Yarmuk River, Islam broke the hold of the Byzantine Empire on Syria and Muslims occupied the area up to the Taurus Mountains. Islam also extended raids into Iraq. Islam destroyed the Sassanian Empire in Persia in 637 A.D during the battle of Quadisiya. Muslims conquered and occupied Jerusalem in 638 A.D. Muslims occupied and took control of Iraq and Persia. In 640 A.D. Islamic armies invaded Egypt from Syria and fully subdued and controlled Egypt within a year of the invasion.
Further expansion of Islam continued. North Africa was fully conquered and occupied by the Muslims while the Byzantines were slaughtered and expelled. Muslims had conquered most of Spain between 711 and 713 A.D. In 732 A.D. Muslims sent a raiding army into France, but were defeated. Muslims continued many raids into Asia Minor, were relatively unsuccessful in controlling permanent territory. Muslims did however, successfully breach central Asia and gained access to northwest India around 740 A.D.
The word Islam is translated into English as surrender or submission, meaning fully submitting to Allah. The word Muslim means ‘one who submits’. Muslims believe that by submitting to Allah, inner peace will be granted. Islam is based to some extent on traditional Judaism. Muslims attribute their ancestry to the same patriarchal figure Abraham from Judaism’s Old Testament. Islam views Jesus as a prophet and rejects Christianity’s belief that Jesus is God. Muslims believe that both Judaism and Christianity contain truth about the true revelation of God; however, Muslims believe that Judaism and Christianity have contaminated God’s word. Islam is purely monotheistic, and believes Allah is the one true all-powerful transcendent God. Islam rejects Christianity’s belief in the trinity and claims that Christianity is not truly monotheistic. Islam views Muhammad as the last and greatest prophet, and calls Muhammad the “seal of prophets”. Despite Muhammad’s actions in life, Muslims revere Muhammad as the ideal human who displayed perfection throughout life.
The Five Pillars of Islam is an important concept in the religion of Islam. The Five Pillars appear in the Qur’an.
Islam also holds a set of principles called the Articles of Faith.
Islam in today’s world continues to attack non-believers across the world in countries such as India, the Philippines, Sudan, Kenya, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Malaysia. The weapons used have changed from the inception of Islam, however, many of the tactics Islamic terrorists use are identical to Muhammad’s example. Like Muhammad, today’s Islamic terrorists continue to perform surprise attacks, behead their enemies, and hold captured prisoners for ransom money. Terrorism and holy wars are not an extreme form of Islam, but what the prophet Muhammad demands from Muslims. Qur'an 8:12 “Remember thy Lord inspired the angels (with the message): ‘I am with you: give firmness to the Believers: I will instill terror into the hearts of the Unbelievers: smite ye above their necks and smite all their finger-tips off them [28].’”, and Qur’an 47:4 “Therefore, when ye meet the Unbelievers, smite at their necks; At length, when ye have thoroughly subdued them, bind a bond firmly (on them): thereafter (is the time for) either generosity or ransom: Until the war lays down its burdens. Thus (are ye commanded): but if it had been Allah's Will, He could certainly have exacted retribution from them (Himself); but (He lets you fight) in order to test you, some with others. But those who are slain in the Way of Allah,- He will never let their deeds be lost [28].” Fighting is further encouraged and justified in Qur’an 2:216 “Fighting is prescribed for you, and ye dislike it. But it is possible that ye dislike a thing which is good for you, and that ye love a thing which is bad for you. But Allah knoweth, and ye know not [28].” The penalty for Muslims who do not fight is often stated as in Qur'an 9:39 “Unless ye go forth, He will punish you with a grievous penalty, and put others in your place; but Him ye would not harm in the least. For Allah hath power over all things.”
Non-believers are not the only victims of Islam. Many Muslims who live under Islamic law face tremendous oppression, punishments, injustices, and death. Unfortunately and ironically, Muslims are perhaps the primary victims of Islam. Many non-believers have not had much contact with the oppression of the Islamic world; however, many Muslims who live in the Islamic world only know the oppression and brutality of Islamic law.
Islam takes a harsh stance on the rights of women and views women in low regard. The abuse of women in under Islamic law is harsh as the Qur’an prescribes physical punishment towards women [29]. Qur’an 4:34 states “Men are in charge of women, because Allah hath made the one of them to excel the other, and because they spend of their property (for the support of women). So good women are the obedient, guarding in secret that which Allah hath guarded. As for those from whom ye fear rebellion, admonish them and banish them to beds apart, and scourge them. Then if they obey you, seek not a way against them. Lo! Allah is ever High, Exalted, Great”, and Qur'an 38:44 states “And take in your hand a green branch and beat her with it and do not break your oath; surely we found him patient; most excellent the servant! Surely he was frequent in returning (to Allah).” Islam also takes a very poor view towards women in many ways. For example, Muhammad states that women are the majority of inhabitants of hell [30], and women are the minority of inhabitants in paradise [31]. Muhammad also states that women are less intelligent than men, specifically half as intelligent [32]. Verses in the Qur’an state that women are lesser than men [33]. Men are allowed up to four wives and in addition permitted to own women as sexual slaves [34], just as Muhammad had and deemed acceptable.
Islam takes a very brutal stance on punishment under Islamic law. One of the most commonly known laws is the penalty of death for apostates [35] (those who leave Islam). Beheadings [10] , stoning [36], the cutting off of hands and feet [37], hangings, floggings [29], and imprisonment are a few of many forms of Islamic punishment. Many of these brutal punishments are presently carried out in public settings to instill fear into the people.
Slavery is accepted and practiced under Islamic law, as Muhammad owned slaves and permitted the ownership of slaves [38]. The killing of slaves is permitted under Islamic law when a slave defames the name of Muhammad or Allah [38]. Slavery under Islam still takes place in the present day.
I had originally started writing this report under the assumption that Islam is a peaceful religion and the prophet Muhammad was historically a model citizen. I started researching the life of Muhammad from the textbook and various brief historical accounts of Muhammad. As many of the historical accounts of Muhammad are brief and lack details, I started to research other sources in order to attain a more detailed and thorough account on Muhammad’s life and the history of Islam. I found that the most widely accepted historical accounts of Muhammad’s life are attained from Islam’s holy scriptures (see reference notes). As I researched Islam’s scriptures, I was extremely shocked with the information I found regarding the horrendous details of Muhammad’s life and the violent, hateful core of Islam’s scriptures.
Muhammad, who Islam holds as the perfect infallible human model and calls the “seal of prophets”, was historically a brutal murderer, raider and thief of merchant caravans, pedophile, torturer, rapist, polygamist, and slave owner.
Many Muslims are distressed to discover that Muhammad consummated the marriage with Aisha when she was nine years old. Muslim scholars do not debate the age of Aisha, they simply answer this concern by stating that this was a common custom during Muhammad’s time and point out scripture that states Aisha and Muhammad were pleased with this marriage. However, reading other scripture concerning Aisha, it is clear that she had been traumatized; as would be expected when a nine-year old girl is raped by a 53 year-old man.
I have also heard Muslims defend Muhammad with the argument that he was actually a very compassionate and moral person relative to 7th century standards, and it is not fair to judge a 7th century person to modern day standards. I certainly don’t believe from reading the Qur’an and Hadith that Muhammad could even remotely be considered compassionate and moral, even in regards to 7th century standards. Although history is unfortunately full of brutal, horrendous criminals, Muhammad stands out because he is the founding prophet of Islam and not only provides possibly the worst example of a criminal to follow, but also permits and commands followers of Islam to perform the same murderous and criminal actions.
Throughout history, humans have shown a dangerous propensity to follow a mob rule mentality and have caused great damage and human massacre. Islam, from its inception to present the present time continually demonstrated this danger as great human rights abuses and atrocities continue to take place world wide in the name of Islam. Islamic terrorists continue to follow Muhammad’s commands and examples of terrorizing the unbelievers through killing, beheading, holding hostages for ransom, torture, and rape. Unfortunately, Islamic scripture is the ideal tool to create a violent mass mentality of followers. Islamic scripture is directly responsible for this brutal, violent ideology of terror. Islam throughout history from inception to present times has remained constant with violence and war. Islam, unlike other religions is based on violent expansion and genocide of nonbelievers, and demands its followers to fight for Islam and Allah [28].
I am extremely saddened and disappointed to find out that true Islam is not a religion of peace, but instead a brutal religion of death, mutilation and fighting by the sword. Many followers of Islam have been mislead to believe that they are performing righteous work by killing for Allah, and that dieing while fighting for Allah will lead them to a martyrs paradise. These beliefs are in direct accord with Islam’s scriptures. There is almost countless Islamic scripture that these beliefs are directly based on. However, I believe the violence of Islam can be very simply summed up with just one just one of Muhammad’s quotes: “Allah’s Apostle said, ‘Know that Paradise is under the shades of swords [39].’”
It is necessary for humankind as a global society to be tolerant towards other religions, cultures and beliefs; however, I believe tolerance must have a limit. Teachings and actions of violence, hate and genocide cannot be accepted. The tendency of media and society to over compensate with political correctness and moral relativism is not only dangerous but is the ultimate disservice to those people who are suffering, oppressed, raped, tortured and killed in the name of the so-called peaceful religion of Islam.
Many ex-Muslims and non-Muslims who grew up or are currently living in Islamic societies are telling their stories about the human atrocities that are performed by Islam and the ultimate goal to convert the world to Islam and kill or enslave those who do not convert. After reading through Islam’s sacred scriptures, I believe that Islam’s basis and teachings of violence, racism, hate and genocide are worse and more of a threat to humankind than nazism and Hitler’s book ‘Mein Kampf’.
I do want to make it clear that I absolutely do not endorse hate towards Muslims and I do not view Muslims as the enemy as I have several Muslim friends from school and work who I very much appreciate. I believe that Islam has deceived Muslims, as many Muslims have not read their own scriptures. I do however view Islam as the enemy to all humankind, and I believe the way to approach this problem is through education and exposing what Islamic scriptures really say and teach. I do not want anyone who reads this report to simply take my word. I hope people investigate the subject on their own and look into the Qur’an, writings of the Hadith, and research the history of Islam and present day Islam, particularly in the Islamic states such as Iran, Sudan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, etc. I also hope people will further investigate this subject, simply because this report does not fully delve into all of the horrific details regarding Islam’s onslaught against humanity. Much more exists in the Qur’an and Hadith concerning other vile issues of Islam than what has been expressed and cited in this research paper.
I know many say that that those who perform acts of terror and violence, such as the Wahhabism sect of Islam, Al-Queda, etc., are fundamentalists and do not represent the religion of Islam. After reading the Qur’an and much of the Hadith, I firmly believe that the Wahhabism sect and Al-Queda are fundamentalists who strictly follow Muhammad’s teachings and commands in straight accordance to these scriptures. Muhammad was a fundamentalist himself, therefore fundamentalism cannot be separated from true Islam. Islam, which means submission, demands from its followers to submit their wills and thoughts to Allah, Muhammad and the scriptures of Islam. I believe that is precisely what these violent fundamentalists are doing.
I have also heard the argument that those who perform acts of terror and violence are hijacking Islam. I now firmly believe that Islam is hijacking the culture and the people of the Middle East. I know the Arabic world is tired of the negative view and stereotype that they receive because of terrorism. I believe that if the religion of Islam is removed, so will the violence and human atrocities that take place because of Islam. The kind, hospitable qualities of the Arabic people would once again stand out.
I found the following quote from Winston Churchill regarding Islam, to be very relevant in the present time:
“How dreadful are the curses which Mohammedanism
lays on its votaries! Besides the fanatical frenzy, which is as dangerous in a
man as hydrophobia in a dog, there is this fearful fatalistic apathy.
Improvident habits, slovenly systems of agriculture, sluggish methods of
commerce, and insecurity of property exist wherever the followers of the
Prophet rule or live. A degraded sensualism deprives this life of its grace and
refinement; the next of its dignity and sanctity. The fact that in Mohammedan
law every woman must belong to some man as his absolute property - either as a
child, a wife, or a concubine - must delay the final extinction of slavery
until the faith of Islam has ceased to be a great power among men.
“Individual Moslems may show splendid qualities. Thousands become the brave and loyal soldiers of the Queen: all know how to die. But the influence of the religion paralyses the social development of those who follow it. No stronger retrograde force exists in the world. Far from being moribund, Mohammedanism is a militant and proselytizing faith. It has already spread throughout Central Africa, raising fearless warriors at every step; and were it not that Christianity is sheltered in the strong arms of science - the science against which it had vainly struggled - the civilization of modern Europe might fall, as fell the civilization of ancient Rome.”[40]
Articles On Islam
A collection of current (as of July 2004) articles relating to Islamic law and human rights abuses such as slavery, rape, beheadings and Islamic punishments, can be viewed by selecting the following (linked) external document: Articles on Islam.
Testimonies From ex-Muslims
The following link contains testimonies from ex-Muslims
http://www.faithfreedom.org/testimonials.htm
Reference
Notes:Several English translations of the Qur’an (Islam’s holiest set of scriptures) were used in research. To maintain consistency, Abdullah Yusufali’s English translation was cited. Yusufali’s English translation of the Qur’an can be found on USC’s MSA (Muslim Students Association) Islamic server (http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/) http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/ Note: This version of the Qur’an lists each verse with two other translator’s versions, Mohammed Marmaduke Pickthall, and Mahomodali H. Shakir.
The Hadith collection of Al-Bukhari, which is titled Sahih Bukhari (or Sahih Al-Bukhari) was used in research and citation. An English translation (complete collection), translated by Dr. Muhammed Muhsin Khan and published by Kitab Bhavan, New Delhi, India, can be found on the USC-MSA Islamic Server http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/
The Sahih Bukhari is Islam’s second holiest set of writings, second only to the Qur’an.
The Hadith collection of Muslim, which is titled Sahih Muslilm, was used in research and citation. An English translation (complete collection), translated by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui and published by International Islamic Publishing House, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, can be found on the USC-MSA Islamic Server http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/muslim/ The Sahih Muslim is Islam’s third holiest set of writings.
The Hadith collection of Abu Dawud, which is titled Sunan Abu-Dawud (or Sunan of Abu-Dawud) was used in research and citation. An English translation (partial collection), translated by Prof. Ahmad Hasan, can be found on the USC-MSA Islamic Server http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/abudawud/
The “Sirat Rasul Allah” was written by Ibn Ishaq in 750 A.D. The Sirat Rasul Allah was edited and abridged by Ibn Hisham in 830 and translated in 1955 by Alfred Guilaume with the title “The Life of Muhammad” and published by Oxford University Press, London, England. Referred to as the Sira or Biography, Ishaq’s Hadith collection consists of oral reports from Muhammad and his followers. Ishaq’s Hadith collection provides the only written account of Muhammad’s life and formation of Islam that is composed within two centuries of Muhammad’s death. Ishaq’s Hadith collection is the most authentic biography of Muhammad’s life. Citations to Ishaq’s Hadith collection will be denoted as Ishaq.
The History of al-Tabari, called the Ta’rikh, was written by Abu Muhammad bin al-Tabari between 870 and 920 A.D. The volumes of writing of al-Tabari were translated and published by the State University of New York Press, Albany New York, USA, from 1987 through 1997. The writings of al-Tabari consist of Islamic Hadith that is arranged in chronological order. Tabari is Islam’s oldest uncensored source. Volumes VII and VIII were used in research and citations. Citations to al-Tabari will be denoted as Tabari.
Cited
ReferencesMuir Chapter 6 p. 217
Tabari VII:1276 (p.20) The Quraysh said, “Muhammad and his companions have violated the sacred month and shed blood in it, have seized property in it and taken men captive in it.”
Tabari VII:1278 (p.22) The polytheists spread lying slander concerning him, saying, “Muhammad claims that he is following obedience to God, yet he is the first to violate the holy month and to kill our companion in Rajab.”
Ishaq:425 (p.288) The Quraysh said, “Muhammad and his companions have violated the sacred month, shed blood therein, taken booty, and captured men.”
Muir Chapter 11, p.71-75
Sahih Bukhari Volume 3, Book 50, Number 891 “… By Allah, whenever they heard about a caravan of Quraish heading towards Sham, they stopped it and attacked and killed them (i.e. infidels) and took their properties. …”
Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 67, Number 402 “The Prophet sent us as an army unit of three hundred warriors under the command of Abu 'Ubaida to ambush a caravan of the Quraysh.”
Ishaq:427(p.289) Then the apostle heard that Abu Sufyan b. Harb was coming from Syria with a large caravan of Quraysh, containing their money and merchandise. He (Muhammad) summoned the Muslims and said, “This is the Quraysh caravan containing their property. Go out to attack it, perhaps God will give it to us as prey.”
Sahih Bukhari Volume 5, Book 59, Number 702 “I did not remain behind Allah's Apostle in any Ghazwa that he fought except the Ghazwa of Tabuk, and I failed to take part in the Ghazwa of Badr, but Allah did not admonish anyone who had not participated in it, for in fact, Allah's Apostle had gone out in search of the caravan of Quraish till Allah made them (i.e. the Muslims) and their enemy meet without any appointment. I witnessed the night of Al-'Aqaba (pledge) with Allah's Apostle when we pledged for Islam, and I would not exchange it for the Badr battle although the Badr battle is more popular amongst the people than it (i.e. Al-'Aqaba pledge). As for my news (in this battle of Tabuk), I had never been stronger or wealthier than I was when I remained behind the Prophet in that Ghazwa.”
Sahih Muslim Book 21, Number 4756, 4757
Tabari VII:1285 (p.29)/Ishaq:427 (p.289) When the Messenger of God heard about them he called together his companies and told them of the wealth thy had with tem and the fewness of their numbers. The Muslims set out with no other object than Abu Sufyan and the horsemen with him. They did not think that these were anything but easy booty.
Tabari VII:1270 (p.15) Then the Messenger of God went on an expedition at the head of two hundred of his companions. His intention was to intercept the caravan of Quraysh.
Muhammad’s caravan raids http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MH_LM/first_raids_and_skirmishes.htm
See Also: Ibn Ishaq (d. 767)/Ibn Hisham, The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah), trans. A. Guillaume
Sahih Bukhari Volume 3, Book 39, Number 527 Umar said, “But for the future Muslim generations, I would have distributed the land of the villages I conquer among the soldiers as the Prophet distributed the land of Khaibar.”
Qur’an 8:41 Qur’an Al-Anfal (Spoils of War, Booty – Chapter 8) English translation by Abdullah Yusufali http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/008.qmt.html#008.041
Ishaq:426 (p.288) One of 'Abdullah's (Abd Allah) family mentioned that God divided the booty when he made it permissible and gave four-fifths to whom God had allowed to take it and one-fifth to God and his apostle. So it remained on the basis of what Abdullah had done with the booty of that (the first of the raided) caravan.
Tabari VII:1275 (p.20) Abd Allah said to his companions, “The Messenger of God receives a fifth of the booty you have taken.” This was before God made surrendering a fifth of booty taken a duty. He set aside a fifth of the booty for the Messenger of God and divided the rest between his companions.
Ishaq:425 (p.287) He (Abd Allah) set apart for the apostle a fifth of the caravan, and divided the rest among his companions.
Tabari VII:1286 (p.30)/Ishaq436 (p.295) The prophet marched forward and spent the night near Badr with his Companions. They did not know that the Quraysh had come out against them. While the Prophet was standing in prayer some Quraysh water-carriers came to the well. Among these was a black slave. Muhammad’s men seized him and brought him to the Messenger’s bivouac. They ordered him to salute Allah’s Apostle. Then they questioned him about Abu Sufyan, having no idea that he was not from the caravan. When the slave began to tell them about the protecting force, it was unwelcome news, for the only object of their raid was Abu Sufyan and his caravan. Meanwhile the Prophet was praying, bowing and prostrating himself, and also seeing and hearing the treatment of the slave. When the slave told them that the Quraysh had come to meet them, they began to beat him and called him a liar. “You are trying to conceal the whereabouts of Abu Sufyan and his caravan. They beat him severely and continued to interrogate him but they found that he had no knowledge of what they were looking for.”
Tabari VII:1287 (p.31) When the slave said to them, “This is (I am from) Quraysh who have come out against you,” they beat him soundly, but when he said, “This is (I am with) Abu Sufyan,” they left him alone. When the Prophet saw what they were doing he left off his prayer, having heard the information which the slave had given them.
Isahq:436 (p.295) The two Quraysh water carriers were Aslam, a slave of B. al-Hajjaj, and Arid Abu Yasar, a young man of B. Al-As b. Said, and they brought them along and questioned them while the apostle was standing praying. They said, “We are the watermen of Quraysh; they sent us to get them water.” The people (Muslims) were displeased at their report, for they had hoped that they would belong to Abu Sufyan, so they beat them, and when they had beaten them soundly, the two men said “we belong to to Abu Sufyan.” The Apostle asked how many nobles of Quraysh were among them. They said: “Utba, Shayba, Abul-Bakhtari, Hakim Naufal, al-Harith b. Amir, Tu'qyma, al-Nadr, Zama'a, Abu Jahl, Umayya, Nabih, Munabbih, Suhayl, Amr b. Abdu Wudd.” The Apostle went to the people (Muslims) and said, “This Mecca has thrown to you the pieces of its liver!”
Muir Chapter 12 p.218
Tabari VII:1285 (p.29) When Abu Sufyan heard that Muhammad’s companions were on their way to intercept his caravan, he sent a message to the Quraysh. “Muhammad and his companions are going to intercept our caravan, so protect your merchandise.” When the Quraysh heard this, the people of Mecca hastened to defend their property and protect their men as they were told Muhammad was lying in wait for them.
Ishaq:437 (p.295) Abu Sufyan changed the caravan’s direction from the shore road, traveling as quickly as possible.
Ishaq:437, 438 (p.296) When Sufyan saw that he had saved his caravan he sent word to the Quraysh. “Since you came out to save your caravan, your men, and property, go back home.”
Muir Chapter 12 p.221, 222
Tabari VII:1283 (p.28) Abd al-Rahman said, “Muhammad used to celebrate the night of 17 Ramadan, and in the morning the traces of sleeplessness would be on his face, and he would say, “on this morning Allah distinguished between truth and falsehood, and on this morning he made Islam mighty, and on it he revealed the Qur'an, and on it he humbled the leaders of unbelief at the battle of Badr on Friday.”
Tabari VII:1281, 1282 (p.26) In this year the greater battle of Badr took place between the Messenger of God and the unbelievers of Quraysh. This was in the month of Ramadan 17 (March 13, 624).
Qur’an 9:5 English translation by Abdullah Yusufali
http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/009.qmt.html#009.005
Tabari VII:1331 (p.62) I cut off his (Abu Jahl) head and brought it to the Messenger of God, and said, 'O Messenger of God, this is the head of the enemy of God, Abu Jahl.” Then the Messenger of God said, “Is this so, by God, than whom there is no other deity?” This was the oath of the Messenger of God. I said, “Yes, by Allah, than whom there is no other deity.” Then I threw down his head in front of the Messenger of God. He said, “Praise be to God!”
Ishaq:451, 452 (p.304) Abdullah b. Mas'ud gave him (Abu Jahl) a push which sent him to his knees. Abdullah b. Mas'ud found him (Abu Jahl) at his last gasp and put his foot on his neck (for he had once clawed and punched Abdullah in Mecca), and said to him: “Has God put you to shame, you enemy of God?” Abdullah cut of his head and brought it to the Apostle saying, “This is the head of the enemy of God, Abu Jahl.” He said, “By God than whom there is no other is it?” (This used to be his oath.) Abdullah said, “Yes”, and threw his head before the apostle and he gave thanks to God.
Ishaq:535, 536 (p.357) The army's leaders were left prostrate. Their heads left like sliced off melons. Many an adversary have I left on the ground to rise painfully like a broken twig. When battle was joined I dealt him a blow that drew blood - his arteries murmured aloud. That is what I did on the day of Badr.
Ishaq:525, 526 (p.348, 349) They were conquered and lain at Badr. They deserted in all directions. They rejected the scripture and called Muhammad a liar. But God makes the religion of every apostle victorious. When he lay still in death. The man Zam'a we left with his throat severed. His life blood flowing away. His forehead in the dust. His nostrils defiled with filth. Many a noble, generous man we slew. We left them as meat for hyenas. Later to burn in Hell fire.
Ishaq:461(p.310) A Meccan said, “As soon as we were confronted by the raiding party, we turned our backs and they started killing and capturing us at their pleasure. Some of our men turned tail humiliated. Allah smote some of us with pustules from which we died.”
Ishaq:461 (p.311) The Quraysh bewailed their dead. Then they sad, “Do not do this, for the news will reach Muhammad and his companions and they will rejoice over your misfortune; and do not send messengers about your captives but hold back so that Muhammad and his companions may not demand excessive ransoms.”
Ishaq:516 (p.340) Surely Badr was one of the world’s great wonders. The roads to death are plain to see. Disobedience causes a people to perish. They became death’s pawns. We had sought their caravan, nothing else. But they came to us and there was no way out. So we thrust our shafts and swung our swords severing their heads. Our swords glittered as they killed. The banner of error was held by Satan. He betrayed the evil ones, those prone to treachery. He led them to death crying, ‘Fear God. He is invincible!’ Satan knew what they could not see. On that day a thousand spirits were mustered on excited white stallions. God’s army fought with us. Under our banner, Gabriel attacked and killed them.
Ishaq:518 (p.341, 342) Have you seen how God favored his apostle and how he humiliated the unbelievers? They were put to shame in captivity and death. The apostle’s victory was glorious. Its message is plain for all to see. The Lord brought repeated calamities upon the pagans, bringing them under the Apostle’s power. Allah’s angry army smote them with their trusty swords. Many a lusty youngster left the enemy lying prone. Their women wept with burning throats for the dead were lying everywhere. But now they are all in Hell.
Sahih Bukhari Volume 5, Book 59, Number 314-317
Sahih Bukhari Volume 5, Book 58, Number 193
Tabari VII:1332, 1333 (p.63) The Messenger of God ordered the dead to be thrown in to the well. The Messenger of God, on the day on which he uttered these words, also said, “O people of the well, you were evil fellow tribesmen to your prophet! You disbelieved me, when other people believed me. You drove me out, when other people gave me shelter. You fought me, when other people came to my aid.”
Ishaq:454 (p.306) The apostle's companions heard him (Muhammad) saying in the middle of the night “O people of the pit: O 'Utba, O Shayba, O Umayya, O Abu Jahl,” enumerating all who had been thrown into the pit, “Have you found that what God promised you is true? I have found that what my God has promised my is true!” Muslims asked, “Are you calling to dead bodies?” He answered: “You cannot hear what I say better than they, but they cannot answer me.”
Tabari VII:1354, 1355 (p.81) Abu Bakr said, “O Prophet of God, these people are you cousins, fellow clansmen and nephews. I thin that you should accept ransoms for them so that what we take from them will strengthen us and be an assistance for us. The Messenger of God said, “What do you think, Ibn al-Kahttab?” I said, “I say no, by God! I am not of the same opinion as Abu Bakr. I think that you should hand him over to me so that I can cut of his head, and that you should hand Hamzah's brother over to him so that he can cut off his head, and that you should hand over 'Aquil to 'Ali (his brother) so that he can cut off his head. Thus God will know that there is no leniency in our hearts towards the unbelievers.”
Qur’an 8:12 English translation by Abdullah Yusufali
http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/008.qmt.html#008.012
Sahih Bukhari Volume 5, Book 59, Number 360 The total number of Muslim fighters from Quraish who fought in the battle of Badr and were given their share of the booty, were 81 men. Az-Zubair said, “When their shares were distributed, their number was 101 men. But Allah knows it better.”
Sahih Bukhari Volume 5, Book 59, Number 361 “On the day of Badr, (Quraishi) Emigrants received 100 shares of the war booty.”
Qur’an 8:12 English translation by Abdullah Yusufali
http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/008.qmt.html#008.042
Tabari VII:1333 (p.71) Among the captives was Abu Wada'ah b. Dubaryrah al-Sahmi. The messenger of God said, “He has a son who is a shrewd merchant with much money. It is as though he had already come to you about his father's ransom.”
Ishaq:463(p.312) The Prophet said, “Abbas, you must ransom yourself, your two nephews, Aqil and Nawfal, and your confederate, Utbah, for you are a wealthy man.” “Muhammad,” Abbas said, “I was a Muslim, but the people compelled me to fight against my will.” God knows best concerning your Islam,” Muhammad said. ‘If what you say is true, Allah will reward you for it. As for your outward appearance, you have been against us, so pay to ransom yourself.” The Messenger of God had previously taken twenty ounces of gold from him following the battle. So Abbas said, “Credit me with this amount towards my ransom.” “No,” Muhammad replied. “That money God has already taken from you and given to us.”
Ishaq:463 (p.313) The Muslims told Abu Sufyan to pay them a ransom to free his son, Amr. He replied, “Am I to suffer the double loss of my blood and my money? After you have killed my son Hanzala, you want me to pay you a ransom to save Amr?”
Ishaq:459 (p.309) Bind him (Abu Aziz) fast (tight), for his mother is a wealthy woman; perhaps she will pay a large ransom.
Tabari VII:1343 (p.71)/Ishaq:462 (p.311) The Messenger of God said, “He (Abu Wada'ah) has a son who is a shrewd merchant with much money. It is as though he had already come to you about his father's ransom.”
Ishaq:462 (p.311) Abu Wada'ah was ransomed for 4,000 dirhams.
Tabari VII:1354, 1355 (p.81) Abu Bakr said, “O Prophet of God, these people are you cousins, fellow clansmen and nephews. I thin that you should accept ransoms for them so that what we take from them will strengthen us and be an assistance for us. The Messenger of God said, “What do you think, Ibn al-Kahttab?” I said, “I say no, by God! I am not of the same opinion as Abu Bakr. I think that you should hand him over to me so that I can cut of his head, and that you should hand Hamzah's brother over to him so that he can cut off his head, and that you should hand over 'Aquil to 'Ali (his brother) so that he can cut off his head. Thus God will know that there is no leniency in our hearts towards the unbelievers.” The Messenger of God liked what Abu Bakr said and did not like what I said, and accepted ransoms for the captives.
Sahih Bukhari Volume 5, Book 59, Number 357 The Badr warriors were given five thousand (Dirhams) each, yearly. 'Umar said, “I will surely give them more than what I will give to others.”’
Sahih Bukhari Volume 5, Book 59, Number 353 Some men of the Ansar requested Allah's Apostle to allow them to see him, they said, “Allow us to forgive the ransom of our sister's son, ‘Abbas. “The Prophet said, “By Allah, you will not leave a single Dirham of it!”
Tabari VII:1355 (p.81) The next day I went to the Prophet in the morning. He was sitting with Abu Bakr, and they were weeping. I said, ‘O Messenger of God, tell me, what has made you and your companion weep? If I find cause to weep, I will weep with you, and if not, I will pretend to weep because you are weeping.’ The Prophet said, ‘It is because of the taking of ransoms which has been laid before your companions. It was laid before me that I should punish them instead.’ Allah revealed: ‘It is not for any Prophet to have captives until he has made slaughter in the land.’ After that Allah made booty lawful for them.
Sahih Bukhari Volume 1, Book 3, Number 111
Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 83, Number 50
Ishaq:484 (p.326) God confirmed to the apostle about taking prisoners and the taking of booty, no other prophet before the apostle has taken booty from his enemy. The apostle said, “I was given victory by terror, the earth was made a place for me to pray and clean; I was given all-embracing words; booty was made lawful to me as to no prophet before me; and I was given the power to intercede; five privileges accorded to no prophet before me.”
Ishaq:484 (p.326,327) God said, “It is not for any prophet before thee to take prisoners from his enemies. Take no prisoners until he has made slaughter of the earth (land) and made slaughter of his enemies to be driven from the land. You (Muhammad) desire the lure of this world, its goods, the ransom of the captives. But God desires the next world their killing them to manifest the religion which he wishes to manifest.”
Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 92, Number 447 While we were in the mosque, Allah's Apostle came out and said, “Let us proceed to the Jews.” So we went out with him till we came to Bait-al-Midras. The Prophet stood up there and called them, saying, “O assembly of Jews! Surrender to Allah (embrace Islam) and you will be safe!” They said, “You have conveyed Allah's message, O Aba-al-Qasim” Allah's Apostle then said to them, “That is what I want; embrace Islam and you will be safe.” They said, “You have conveyed the message, O Aba-al-Qasim.” Allah's Apostle then said to them, “That is what I want,” and repeated his words for the third time and added, “Know that the earth is for Allah and I want to exile you from this land, so whoever among you has property he should sell it, otherwise, know that the land is for Allah and His Apostle.”
Ishaq:684 (p.461)/Tabari VIII:1485, 1486 (p.27, 28) Just before the noon prayers, Gabriel came to the apostle wearing a gold embroidered turban. He was riding a mule. He said, “Have you laid down your weapons and stopped fighting, Muhammad?” “Yes,” he replied. Gabriel said, “The angels have not laid down their arms! I’ve just returned from pursuing the enemy. Allah commands you to march to the Banu Qurayza. I, too, will attack the Jews and shake them out of their homes.”
Tabari VIII:1486, 1487 (p.29) The Messenger of God pitched a round tent over Sa'd in the mosque. He laid down his arms and the Muslims, too, laid down their arms. Then Gabriel came to him and said: “Have you laid down your arms? By God, the angels have not yet laid down their arms! Go out to them, and fight them!” The Messenger of God called for his breastplate and put it on. Then he went out, and the Muslims went out too.
Sahih Bukhari Volume 5, Book 59, Number 443-448
Tabari VIII:1486 (p.29) The Messenger of God had said - that no one should pray the afternoon prrayer until in the territory of the Banu Qurayzah because warfare against them was incumbent on them (Muslims).
Sahih Bukhari Volume 5, Book 59, Number 362 “Bani An-Nadir and Bani Quraiza fought (against the Prophet violating their peace treaty), so the Prophet exiled Bani An-Nadir and allowed Bani Quraiza to remain at their places (in Medina) taking nothing from them till they fought against the Prophet again) . He then killed their men and distributed their women, children and property among the Muslims, but some of them came to the Prophet and he granted them safety, and they embraced Islam. He exiled all the Jews from Medina. They were the Jews of Banu Qurayzah, the tribe of 'Abdullah bin Salam and the Jews of Bani Haritha and all the other Jews of Medina.”
Qur'an 59:3 “And had it not been that Allah had decreed banishment for them, He would certainly have punished them in this world: And in the Hereafter they shall (certainly) have the Punishment of the Fire.”
Sahih Bukhari Volume 4, Book 52, Number 280 When the tribe of Banu Qurayzah was ready to accept Sad's judgment, Allah's Apostle sent for Sad who was near to him. Sad came, riding a donkey and when he came near, Allah's Apostle said (to the Ansar), “Stand up for your leader.” Then Sad came and sat beside Allah's Apostle who said to him. “These people are ready to accept your judgment.” Sad said, “I give the judgment that their warriors should be killed and their children and women should be taken as prisoners.” The Prophet then remarked, “O Sad! You have judged amongst them with (or similar to) the judgment of the King Allah.”
Sahih Bukhari Volume 5, Book 59, Number 447
Sahih Abu-Dawud Book 38, Number 4390 “I was among the captives of Banu Qurayzah. They (the Companions) examined us, and those who had begun to grow hair (pubes) were killed, and those who had not were not killed. I was among those who had not grown hair.”
Qur’an 33:26, 27 English translation by Abdullah Yusufali
http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/033.qmt.html#033.026
Sahih Bukhari Volume 5, Book 58, Number 235 That the Prophet said to her, “You have been shown to me twice in my dream. I saw you pictured on a piece of silk and some-one said (to me). 'This is your wife.' When I uncovered the picture, I saw that it was yours. I said, 'If this is from Allah, it will be done.”
Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 87, Number 140 Allah's Apostle said to me, “You were shown to me twice (in my dream) before I married you. I saw an angel carrying you in a silken piece of cloth, and I said to him, 'Uncover (her),' and behold, it was you. I said (to myself), 'If this is from Allah, then it must happen.' Then you were shown to me, the angel carrying you in a silken piece of cloth, and I said (to him), 'Uncover (her), and behold, it was you. I said (to myself), 'If this is from Allah, then it must happen.'“
Shaih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 18 The Prophet asked Abu Bakr for 'Aisha's hand in marriage. Abu Bakr said “But I am your brother. “The Prophet said, “You are my brother in Allah's religion and His Book, but she (Aisha) is lawful for me to marry.”
Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 64-65 that the Prophet married her when she was six years old and he consummated his marriage when she was nine years old, and then she remained with him for nine years (i.e., till his death).
Note: The word ‘consummate’ in Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 64 was translated from the Arabic word ‘dakhala’. The Hans-Wehr Arabic-English Dictionary (p. 273) states ‘dakhala’ means ‘to enter, to pierce, to penetrate, to consummate the marriage, cohabit, sleep with a woman’.
Sahih Bukhari Volume 5, Book 58, Number 236 Khadija died three years before the Prophet departed to Medina. He stayed there for two years or so and then he married 'Aisha when she was a girl of six years of age, and he consumed that marriage when she was nine years old.
Sahih Bukhari Volume 5, Book 58, Number 234 The Prophet engaged me when I was a girl of six (years). We went to Medina and stayed at the home of Bani-al-Harith bin Khazraj. Then I got ill and my hair fell down. Later on my hair grew (again) and my mother, Um Ruman, came to me while I was playing in a swing with some of my girl friends. She called me, and I went to her, not knowing what she wanted to do to me. She caught me by the hand and made me stand at the door of the house. I was breathless then, and when my breathing became Allright, she took some water and rubbed my face and head with it. Then she took me into the house. There in the house I saw some Ansari women who said, “Best wishes and Allah's Blessing and a good luck.” Then she entrusted me to them and they prepared me (for the marriage). Unexpectedly Allah's Apostle came to me in the forenoon and my mother handed me over to him, and at that time I was a girl of nine years of age.
Sahih Muslim, Book 8, Number 3310 'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported: Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) married me when I was six years old, and I was admitted to his house when I was nine years old.
Sahih Muslim, Book 8, Number 3311 'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported that Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) married her when she was seven years old, and he was taken to his house as a bride when she was nine, and her dolls were with her; and when he (the Holy Prophet) died she was eighteen years old.
Sunan Abu-Dawud Book 41, Number 4915 The Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) married me when I was seven or six. When we came to Medina, some women came. according to Bishr's version: Umm Ruman came to me when I was swinging. They took me, made me prepared and decorated me. I was then brought to the Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him), and he took up cohabitation with me when I was nine. She halted me at the door, and I burst into laughter.
Sunan Abu-Dawud Book 41, Number 4917 When we came to Medina, the women came to me when I was playing on the swing, and my hair were up to my ears. They brought me, prepared me, and decorated me. Then they brought me to the Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) and he took up cohabitation with me, when I was nine.
Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 88 The Prophet wrote the (marriage contract) with 'Aisha while she was six years old and consummated his marriage with her while she was nine years old and she remained with him for nine years (i.e. till his death).
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 73, Number 151 I used to play with the dolls in the presence of the Prophet, and my girl friends also used to play with me. When Allah's Apostle used to enter (my dwelling place) they used to hide themselves, but the Prophet would call them to join and play with me. (The playing with the dolls and similar images is forbidden, but it was allowed for 'Aisha at that time, as she was a little girl, not yet reached the age of puberty.) (Fateh-al-Bari page 143, Vol.13)
Sahih Muslim, Book 8, Number 3311 'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported that Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) married her when she was seven years old, and he was taken to his house as a bride when she was nine, and her dolls were with her; and when he (the Holy Prophet) died she was eighteen years old.
Sahih Bukhari Volume 1, Book 5, Number 270
Sahih Bukhari Volume 3, Book 28, Number 36
Sahih Bukhari Volume 3, Book 31, Number 148-150
Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 6
Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 142-144
Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 144
Sahih Muslim, Book 19, Number 4292 Ibn 'Aun reported: I wrote to Nafi' inquiring from him whether it was necessary to extend (to the disbelievers) an invitation to accept (Islam) before m”. ing them in fight. He wrote (in reply) to me that it was necessary in the early days of Islam. The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) made a raid upon Banu Mustaliq while they were unaware and their cattle were having a drink at the water. He killed those who fought and imprisoned others. On that very day, he captured Juwairiya bint al-Harith. Nafi' said that this tradition was related to him by Abdullah b. Umar who (himself) was among the raiding troops.
Sahih Bukhari Volume 5, Book 59, Number 512
The Prophet offered the Fajr Prayer near Khaibar when it was still dark and then said, “Allahu-Akbar! Khaibar is destroyed, for whenever we approach a (hostile) nation (to fight), then evil will be the morning for those who have been warned.” Then the inhabitants of Khaibar came out running on the roads. The Prophet had their warriors killed, their offspring and woman taken as captives. Safiya was amongst the captives, She first came in the share of Dahya Alkali but later on she belonged to the Prophet . The Prophet made her manumission as her 'Mahr'.
Sahih Bukhari Volume 1, Book 8, Number 367
Sahih Muslim Book 8, Number 3327 Abu Musa reported that Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) said about one who emancipated a slave woman, and then married her, that for him there are two rewards.
Qur'an 8:12 Remember thy Lord inspired the angels (with the message): “I am with you: give firmness to the Believers: I will instill terror into the hearts of the Unbelievers: smite ye above their necks and smite all their finger-tips off them.”
Qur’an 47:4 Therefore, when ye meet the Unbelievers (in fight), smite at their necks; At length, when ye have thoroughly subdued them, bind a bond firmly (on them): thereafter (is the time for) either generosity or ransom: Until the war lays down its burdens. Thus (are ye commanded): but if it had been Allah's Will, He could certainly have exacted retribution from them (Himself); but (He lets you fight) in order to test you, some with others. But those who are slain in the Way of Allah,- He will never let their deeds be lost.
Qur'an 9:5 But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, an seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war).
Qur'an 2:190,191 Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for Allah loveth not transgressors. And slay them wherever ye catch them, and turn them out from where they have Turned you out; for tumult and oppression are worse than slaughter; but fight them not at the Sacred Mosque, unless they (first) fight you there; but if they fight you, slay them. Such is the reward of those who suppress faith.
Qur'an 2:216-218 Fighting is prescribed for you, and ye dislike it. But it is possible that ye dislike a thing which is good for you, and that ye love a thing which is bad for you. But Allah knoweth, and ye know not. They ask thee concerning fighting in the Prohibited Month. Say: “Fighting therein is a grave (offence); but graver is it in the sight of Allah to prevent access to the path of Allah, to deny Him, to prevent access to the Sacred Mosque, and drive out its members.” Tumult and oppression are worse than slaughter. Nor will they cease fighting you until they turn you back from your faith if they can. And if any of you Turn back from their faith and die in unbelief, their works will bear no fruit in this life and in the Hereafter; they will be companions of the Fire and will abide therein. Those who believed and those who suffered exile and fought (and strove and struggled) in the path of Allah,- they have the hope of the Mercy of Allah: And Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.
Qur'an 2:244 Then fight in the cause of Allah, and know that Allah Heareth and knoweth all things.
Qur'an 3:125 Yea, - if ye remain firm, and act aright, even if the enemy should rush here on you in hot haste, your Lord would help you with five thousand angels Making a terrific onslaught.
Qur'an 8:65 “O Prophet! rouse the Believers to the fight. If there are twenty amongst you, patient and persevering, they will vanquish two hundred: if a hundred, they will vanquish a thousand of the unbelievers: for these are a people without understanding.”
Qur'an 9:123 “O ye who believe! fight the unbelievers who gird you about, and let them find firmness in you: and know that Allah is with those who fear Him.”
Qur’an 4:89 They but wish that ye should reject Faith, as they do, and thus be on the same footing (as they): But take not friends from their ranks until they flee in the way of Allah (From what is forbidden). But if they turn renegades, seize them and slay them wherever ye find them; and (in any case) take no friends or helpers from their ranks.
Qur'an 9:29 Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.
Qur'an 3:140-143 If a wound hath touched you, be sure a similar wound hath touched the others. Such days (of varying fortunes) We give to men and men by turns: that Allah may know those that believe, and that He may take to Himself from your ranks Martyr-witnesses (to Truth). And Allah loveth not those that do wrong. Allah's object also is to purge those that are true in Faith and to deprive of blessing Those that resist Faith. Did ye think that ye would enter Heaven without Allah testing those of you who fought hard (In His Cause) and remained steadfast? Ye did indeed wish for death before ye met him: Now ye have seen him with your own eyes, (And ye flinch!)
Qur'an 3:151,152 Soon shall We cast terror into the hearts of the Unbelievers, for that they joined companions with Allah, for which He had sent no authority: their abode will be the Fire: And evil is the home of the wrong-doers! Allah did indeed fulfill His promise to you when ye with His permission Were about to annihilate your enemy,-until ye flinched and fell to disputing about the order, and disobeyed it after He brought you in sight (of the booty) which ye covet. Among you are some that hanker after this world and some that desire the Hereafter. Then did He divert you from your foes in order to test you but He forgave you: For Allah is full of grace to those who believe.
Qur'an 3:157,158 And if ye are slain, or die, in the way of Allah, forgiveness and mercy from Allah are far better than all they could amass. And if ye die, or are slain, Lo! it is unto Allah that ye are brought together.
Sahih Buhari Volume 4, Book 52, Number 220 Allah's Apostle said, “I have been sent with the shortest expressions bearing the widest meanings, and I have been made victorious with terror (cast in the hearts of the enemy), and while I was sleeping, the keys of the treasures of the world were brought to me and put in my hand.” Abu Huraira added: Allah's Apostle has left the world and now you, people, are bringing out those treasures (i.e. the Prophet did not benefit by them).
Qur'an 9:14 Fight them, and Allah will punish them by your hands, cover them with shame, help you (to victory) over them, heal the breasts of Believers.
Qur'an 9:38,39 O ye who believe! what is the matter with you, that, when ye are asked to go forth in the cause of Allah, ye cling heavily to the earth? Do ye prefer the life of this world to the Hereafter? But little is the comfort of this life, as compared with the Hereafter. Unless ye go forth, He will punish you with a grievous penalty, and put others in your place; but Him ye would not harm in the least. For Allah hath power over all things.
Qur'an 9:44 Those who believe in Allah and the Last Day ask thee for no exemption from fighting with their goods and persons. And Allah knoweth well those who do their duty.
Qur'an 9:52 Say: “Can you expect for us (any fate) other than one of two glorious things- (Martyrdom or victory)? But we can expect for you either that Allah will send his punishment from Himself, or by our hands. So wait (expectant); we too will wait with you.”
Qur'an 9:73 O Prophet! strive hard against the unbelievers and the Hypocrites, and be firm against them. Their abode is Hell,- an evil refuge indeed.
Qur'an 33:60,61 Truly, if the Hypocrites, and those in whose hearts is a disease, and those who stir up sedition in the City, desist not, We shall certainly stir thee up against them: Then will they not be able to stay in it as thy neighbours for any length of time: They shall have a curse on them: whenever they are found, they shall be seized and slain (without mercy).
Qur'an 61:4 Truly Allah loves those who fight in His Cause in battle array, as if they were a solid cemented structure.
Ishaq:482 (p.326) If you come upon them in war, deal with them so forcibly as to terrify those who follow them, that they may be warned. Make a severe example of them and to those that come after. Strike terror into the enemy of God and your enemy.
Ishaq:484 (p.326) God confirmed to the apostle about taking prisoners and the taking of booty, no other prophet before the apostle has taken booty from his enemy. The apostle said, “I was given victory by terror, the earth was made a place for me to pray and clean; I was given all-embracing words; booty was made lawful to me as to no prophet before me; and I was given the power to intercede; five privileges accorded to no prophet before me.”
Ishaq:484 (p.326,327) God said, “It is not for any prophet before thee to take prisoners from his enemies. Take no prisoners until he has made slaughter of the earth (land) and made slaughter of his enemies to be driven from the land. You (Muhammad) desire the lure of this world, its goods, the ransom of the captives. But God desires the next world their killing them to manifest the religion which he wishes to manifest.”
Ishaq:859 (p.578) Crushing the heads of the polytheists; now throttling with bare hands, splitting their skulls with sharp swords, with continual cuts and thrusts at the enemy. The battle reduced their fitness, and blood gushed from their deep wounds.
Qur'an 4:74 Let those fight in the cause of Allah Who sell the life of this world for the hereafter. To him who fighteth in the cause of Allah,- whether he is slain or gets victory - Soon shall We give him a reward of great (value).
Qur’an 7:4,5 How many towns have We destroyed (for their sins)? Our punishment took them on a sudden by night or while they slept for their afternoon rest. Our terror came unto them. No plea had they, when Our terror came unto them, save that they said: Lo! We were wrong-doers.
Tabari VIII:1589 (p.129) After the Messenger of God had finished with the Jews of Khaybar, God cast terror into the hearts of the Jews of Fadak when the received news of what God had brought upon the people of Khaybar. Fadak became the property of the Messenger of God exclusively, because no horses or camels had been spurred against it.
Qur'an 33:25,26 And Allah turned back the Unbelievers for (all) their fury: no advantage did they gain; and enough is Allah for the believers in their fight. And Allah is full of Strength, able to enforce His Will. And those of the People of the Book (Jews) who aided them - Allah did take them down from their strongholds and cast terror into their hearts. (So that) some ye slew, and some ye made prisoners.
Qur'an 59:2 It is He Who got out the Unbelievers among the People of the Book from their homes at the first gathering (of the forces). Little did ye think that they would get out: And they thought that their fortresses would defend them from Allah! But the (Wrath of) Allah came to them from quarters from which they little expected (it), and cast terror into their hearts, so that they destroyed their dwellings by their own hands and the hands of the Believers, take warning, then, O ye with eyes (to see)!
Qur'an 59:5 Whether ye cut down (O ye Muslim!) The tender palm-trees, or ye left them standing on their roots, it was by leave of Allah, and in order that He might cover with shame the rebellious transgresses.
Sahih Bukhari Volume 4, Book 52, Number 283 I asked Ali, “Do you have the knowledge of any Divine Inspiration besides what is in Allah's Book?” 'Ali replied, “No, by Him Who splits the grain of corn and creates the soul. I don't think we have such knowledge, but we have the ability of understanding which Allah may endow a person with, so that he may understand the Qur'an, and we have what is written in this paper as well.” I asked, “What is written in this paper?” He replied, “(The regulations of) blood-money, the freeing of captives, and the judgment that no Muslim should be killed for killing an infidel.”
Qur'an 3:169,170 Think not of those who are slain in Allah's way as dead. Nay, they live, finding their sustenance in the presence of their Lord; They rejoice in the bounty provided by Allah: And with regard to those left behind, who have not yet joined them (in their bliss), the (Martyrs) glory in the fact that on them is no fear, nor have they (cause to) grieve.
Qur'an 4:76,77 Those who believe fight in the cause of Allah, and those who reject Faith Fight in the cause of Evil: So fight ye against the friends of Satan: feeble indeed is the cunning of Satan. Hast thou not turned Thy vision to those who were told to hold back their hands (from fight) but establish regular prayers and spend in regular charity? When (at length) the order for fighting was issued to them, behold! a section of them feared men as - or even more than - they should have feared Allah: They said: “Our Lord! Why hast Thou ordered us to fight? Wouldst Thou not Grant us respite to our (natural) term, near (enough)?” Say: “Short is the enjoyment of this world: the Hereafter is the best for those who do right: Never will ye be dealt with unjustly in the very least!
Qur'an 4:84 Then fight in Allah's cause - Thou art held responsible only for thyself - and rouse the believers. It may be that Allah will restrain the fury of the Unbelievers; for Allah is the strongest in might and in punishment.
Qur'an 5:33 The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger, and strive with might and main for mischief through the land is: execution, or crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land: that is their disgrace in this world, and a heavy punishment is theirs in the Hereafter;
Qur'an 4:91 Others you will find that wish to gain your confidence as well as that of their people: Every time they are sent back to temptation, they succumb thereto: if they withdraw not from you nor give you (guarantees) of peace besides restraining their hands, seize them and slay them wherever ye get them: In their case We have provided you with a clear argument against them.
Qur'an 8:15-18 O ye who believe! when ye meet the Unbelievers in hostile array, never turn your backs to them. If any do turn his back to them on such a day - unless it be in a stratagem of war, or to retreat to a troop (of his own)- he draws on himself the wrath of Allah, and his abode is Hell,- an evil refuge (indeed)! It is not ye who slew them; it was Allah: when thou threwest (a handful of dust), it was not thy act, but Allah's: in order that He might test the Believers by a gracious trial from Himself: for Allah is He Who heareth and knoweth (all things). That, and also because Allah is He Who makes feeble the plans and stratagem of the Unbelievers.
Qur’an 8:57-60 Therefore if you overtake them in fighting, then scatter by (making an example of) them those who are in their rear, that they may be mindful. And if thou fearest treachery from any folk, then throw back to them (their treaty) fairly. Lo! Allah loveth not the treacherous. And let not those who disbelieve suppose that they can outstrip (Allah's Purpose). Lo! they cannot escape. Make ready for them all thou canst of (armed) force and of horses tethered, that thereby ye may dismay the enemy of Allah and your enemy, and others beside them whom ye know not. Allah knoweth them. Whatsoever ye spend in the way of Allah it will be repaid to you in full, and ye will not be wronged.
Qur'an 8:67-69 It is not for any prophet to have captives until he hath made slaughter in the land. Ye desire the lure of this world and Allah desireth (for you) the Hereafter, and Allah is Mighty, Wise. Had it not been for an ordinance of Allah which had gone before, an awful doom had come upon you on account of what ye took. Now enjoy what ye have won, as lawful and good, and keep your duty to Allah. Lo! Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.
Qur'an 9:111 Allah hath purchased of the believers their persons and their goods; for theirs (in return) is the garden (of Paradise): they fight in His cause, and slay and are slain: a promise binding on Him in truth, through the Law, the Gospel, and the Qur'an: and who is more faithful to his covenant than Allah? then rejoice in the bargain which ye have concluded: that is the achievement supreme.
Qur'an 48:15-22 Those who lagged behind (will say), when ye (are free to) march and take booty (in war): “Permit us to follow you.” They wish to change Allah's decree: Say: “Not thus will ye follow us: Allah has already declared (this) beforehand”: then they will say, “But ye are jealous of us.” Nay, but little do they understand (such things). Say to the desert Arabs who lagged behind: “Ye shall be summoned (to fight) against a people given to vehement war: then shall ye fight, or they shall submit. Then if ye show obedience, Allah will grant you a goodly reward, but if ye turn back as ye did before, He will punish you with a grievous Penalty.” No blame is there on the blind, nor is there blame on the lame, nor on one ill (if he joins not the war): But he that obeys Allah and his Messenger,- (Allah) will admit him to Gardens beneath which rivers flow; and he who turns back, (Allah) will punish him with a grievous Penalty. Allah's Good Pleasure was on the Believers when they swore Fealty to thee under the Tree: He knew what was in their hearts, and He sent down Tranquillity to them; and He rewarded them with a speedy Victory; And many gains will they acquire (besides): and Allah is Exalted in Power, Full of Wisdom. Allah has promised you many gains that ye shall acquire, and He has given you these beforehand; and He has restrained the hands of men from you; that it may be a Sign for the Believers, and that He may guide you to a Straight Path; nd other gains (there are), which are not within your power, but which Allah has compassed: and Allah has power over all things. If the Unbelievers should fight you, they would certainly turn their backs; then would they find neither protector nor helper.
(Note – See also: Qur’an 2:193,194; Qur’an 3:121-126, 146, 153-157, 165-173; Qur’an 4:75, 90, 94, 95, 102, 104; Qur’an 8:1, 7, 9, 39-48, 66, 70-75; Qur’an 9:12-16, 24-26, 36, 41, 81, 83, 86, 88, 120, 122; Qur’an 22:39, 58; Qur’an 24:53, 55; Qur’an 25:52; Qur’an 33:18, 27, 50; Qur’an 42:39; Qur’an 47:20, 35; Qur’an 48:24; Qur’an 59:6-8, 14; Qur’an 60:9; Qur’an 61:13; Qur’an 63:4; Qur’an 66:9; Qur’an 73:20)
See also notes in section 10, 15
Qur’an 4:34 http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/004.qmt.html#004.034
Men are in charge of women, because Allah hath made the one of them to excel the other, and because they spend of their property (for the support of women). So good women are the obedient, guarding in secret that which Allah hath guarded. As for those from whom ye fear rebellion, admonish them and banish them to beds apart, and scourge them. Then if they obey you, seek not a way against them. Lo! Allah is ever High, Exalted, Great.
Qur'an 38:44 http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/038.qmt.html#038.044
And take in your hand a green branch and beat her with It and do not break your oath; surely We found him patient; most excellent the servant! Surely he was frequent in returning (to Allah).
Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 125 Then I saw the (Hell) Fire, and I have never before, seen such a horrible sight as that, and I saw that the majority of its dwellers were women.” The people asked, “O Allah's Apostle! What is the reason for that?” He replied, “Because of their ungratefulness.” It was said. “Do they disbelieve in Allah (are they ungrateful to Allah)?” He replied, “They are not thankful to their husbands and are ungrateful for the favors done to them. Even if you do good to one of them all your life, when she seems some harshness from you, she will say, “I have never seen any good from you.' “
Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 126 The Prophet said, “I looked at Paradise and saw that the majority of its residents were the poor; and I looked at the (Hell) Fire and saw that the majority of its residents were women.”
Sahih Bukhari Volume 1, Book 2, Number 28 The Prophet said: “I was shown the Hell-fire and that the majority of its dwellers were women who were ungrateful.” It was asked, “Do they disbelieve in Allah?” (or are they ungrateful to Allah?) He replied, “They are ungrateful to their husbands and are ungrateful for the favors and the good (charitable deeds) done to them. If you have always been good (benevolent) to one of them and then she sees something in you (not of her liking), she will say, 'I have never received any good from you.”
Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 124
Sahih Bukhari Volume 1, Book 6, Number 301
Sahih Bukhari Volume 2, Book 18, Number 161
Note: Numerous others in the following hadiths
Sahih Muslim, Sunan Al-TarmithiSunan, Al-Nasa'I, Sunan Ibn Majah, Musnad Ahmad, Muwata' Malik, and Sunan Al-Darimi:
Sahih Muslim Book 036, Number 6600 Imran b. Husain reported that Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) said: Amongst the inmates of Paradise the women would form a minority.
Sahih Bukhari Volume 1, Book 6, Number 301 Once Allah's Apostle went out to the Musalla (to offer the prayer) o 'Id-al-Adha or Al-Fitr prayer. Then he passed by the women and said, “O women! Give alms, as I have seen that the majority of the dwellers of Hell-fire were you (women).” They asked, “Why is it so, O Allah's Apostle ?” He replied, “You curse frequently and are ungrateful to your husbands. I have not seen anyone more deficient in intelligence and religion than you. A cautious sensible man could be led astray by some of you.” The women asked, “O Allah's Apostle! What is deficient in our intelligence and religion?” He said, “Is not the evidence of two women equal to the witness of one man?” They replied in the affirmative. He said, “This is the deficiency in her intelligence. Isn't it true that a woman can neither pray nor fast during her menses?” The women replied in the affirmative. He said, “This is the deficiency in her religion.”
Qur'an 2:223 Your wives are as a tilth unto you; so approach your tilth when or how ye will; but do some good act for your souls beforehand; and fear Allah. And know that ye are to meet Him (in the Hereafter), and give (these) good tidings to those who believe.
Qur'an 2:228 Divorced women shall wait concerning themselves for three monthly periods. Nor is it lawful for them to hide what Allah Hath created in their wombs, if they have faith in Allah and the Last Day. And their husbands have the better right to take them back in that period, if they wish for reconciliation. And women shall have rights similar to the rights against them, according to what is equitable; but men have a degree (of advantage) over them. And Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise.
Qur'an 2:282 ... and get two witnesses, out of your own men, and if there are not two men, then a man and two women, such as ye choose, for witnesses, so that if one of them errs, the other can remind her. ...
Qur'an 4:11 Allah (thus) directs you as regards your Children's (Inheritance): to the male, a portion equal to that of two females
Qur'an 53:27 Those who believe not in the Hereafter, name the angels with female names.
Qur'an 66:10 Allah sets forth, for an example to the Unbelievers, the wife of Noah and the wife of Lut: they were (respectively) under two of our righteous servants, but they were false to their (husbands), and they profited nothing before Allah on their account, but were told: “Enter ye the Fire along with (others) that enter!”
Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 33 The Prophet said, “After me I have not left any affliction more harmful to men than women.”
Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 31 Evil omen was mentioned before the Prophet: The Prophet said, “If there is evil omen in anything, it is in the house, the woman and the horse.”
Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 30
Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 32
Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 122 The Prophet said, “If a woman spends the night deserting her husband's bed (does not sleep with him), then the angels send their curses on her till she comes back (to her husband).”
Sahih Bukhari Volume 4, Book 54, Number 460 Allah's Apostle said, “If a husband calls his wife to his bed (i.e. to have sexual relation) and she refuses and causes him to sleep in anger, the angels will curse her till morning.”
Sahih Bukhari Volume 2, Book 18, 161
Sahih Bukhari Volume 1, Book 6, 301
See also notes in sections 29, 34
Qur'an 4:3 ... Marry women of your choice, Two or three or four; but if ye fear that ye shall not be able to deal justly (with them), then only one, or (a captive) that your right hands possess, that will be more suitable, to prevent you from doing injustice.
Qur’an 4:24 Also (prohibited are) women already married, except those whom your right hands possess
Qur'an 33.50 O Prophet! We have made lawful to thee thy wives to whom thou hast paid their dowers; and those whom thy right hand possesses out of the prisoners of war whom Allah has assigned to thee; and daughters of thy paternal uncles and aunts, and daughters of thy maternal uncles and aunts, who migrated (from Makka) with thee; and any believing woman who dedicates her soul to the Prophet if the Prophet wishes to wed her;- this only for thee, and not for the Believers (at large); We know what We have appointed for them as to their wives and the captives whom their right hands possess;- in order that there should be no difficulty for thee. And Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.
See also Muhammad’s wives, sections 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27
Qur'an 47:25-27 Those who turn back as apostates after Guidance was clearly shown to them,- the Evil One has instigated them and busied them up with false hopes. This, because they said to those who hate what Allah has revealed, “We will obey you in part of (this) matter”; but Allah knows their (inner) secrets. But how (will it be) when the angels take their souls at death, and smite their faces and their backs?
Qur'an 9:73, 74 O Prophet! strive hard against the unbelievers and the Hypocrites, and be firm against them. Their abode is Hell,- an evil refuge indeed. They swear by Allah that they said nothing (evil), but indeed they uttered blasphemy, and they did it after accepting Islam; and they meditated a plot which they were unable to carry out: this revenge of theirs was (their) only return for the bounty with which Allah and His Messenger had enriched them! If they repent, it will be best for them; but if they turn back (to their evil ways), Allah will punish them with a grievous penalty in this life and in the Hereafter: They shall have none on earth to protect or help them.
Qur’an 4:89 They but wish that ye should reject Faith, as they do, and thus be on the same footing (as they): But take not friends from their ranks until they flee in the way of Allah (From what is forbidden). But if they turn renegades, seize them and slay them wherever ye find them; and (in any case) take no friends or helpers from their ranks.
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 82, Number 794 They did so, and after they had recovered from their ailment (became healthy) they turned renegades (reverted from Islam) and killed the shepherd of the camels and took the camels away. The Prophet sent (some people) in their pursuit and so they were (caught and) brought, and the Prophets ordered that their hands and legs should be cut off and that their eyes should be branded with heated pieces of iron, and that their cut hands and legs should not be cauterized, till they die.
Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 89, Number 271 A man embraced Islam and then reverted back to Judaism. Mu'adh bin Jabal came and saw the man with Abu Musa. Mu'adh asked, “What is wrong with this (man)?” Abu Musa replied, “He embraced Islam and then reverted back to Judaism.” Mu'adh said, “I will not sit down unless you kill him (as it is) the verdict of Allah and His Apostle
Sahih Bukhari Volume 4, Book 52, Number 260 Ali burnt some people and this news reached Ibn 'Abbas, who said, “Had I been in his place I would not have burnt them, as the Prophet said, 'Don't punish (anybody) with Allah's Punishment.' No doubt, I would have killed them, for the Prophet said, 'If somebody (a Muslim) discards his religion, kill him.'“
Sahih Bukhari Volume 4, Book 52, Number 261
Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 83, Number 17
Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 83, Number 37
Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 84, Number 57
Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 84, Number 58
Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 84, Number 64
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 82, Number 803 from 'Ali when the latter stoned a lady to death on a Friday. 'Ali said, “I have stoned her according to the tradition of Allah's Apostle.”
Sahih Bukhari Volume 2, Book 23, Number 413
Sahih Bukhari Volume 3, Book 34, Number 421
Sahih Bukhari Volume 3, Book 49, Number 860
Sahih Bukhari Volume 3, Book 50, Number 885
Sahih Bukhari Volume 4, Book 56, Number 829
Sahih Bukhari Volume 6, Book 60, Number 79
Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 63, Number 195
Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 63, Number 196
Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 63, Number 230
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 78, Number 629
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 82, Number 805
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 82, Number 806
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 82, Number 809
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 82, Number 810
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 82, Number 813
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 82, Number 816
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 82, Number 842
Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 89, Number 303
Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 92, Number 432
Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 93, Number 633
Sahih Muslim Book 17, Number 4191
Sahih Muslim Book 17, Number 4194
Sahih Muslim Book 17, Number 4196
Sahih Muslim Book 17, Number 4198
Sahih Muslim Book 17, Number 4199
Sahih Muslim Book 17, Number 4201
Sahih Muslim Book 17, Number 4202
Sahih Muslim Book 17, Number 4205
Sahih Muslim Book 17, Number 4206
Sahih Muslim Book 17, Number 4207
Sahih Muslim Book 17, Number 4209
Sahih Muslim Book 17, Number 4211
Sahih Muslim Book 17, Number 4212
Sahih Muslim Book 17, Number 4216
Sahih Muslim Book 20, Number 4483
Qur'an 5:33 The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger, and strive with might and main for mischief through the land is: execution, or crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land: that is their disgrace in this world, and a heavy punishment is theirs in the Hereafter;
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 82, Number 794 They did so, and after they had recovered from their ailment (became healthy) they turned renegades (reverted from Islam) and killed the shepherd of the camels and took the camels away. The Prophet sent (some people) in their pursuit and so they were (caught and) brought, and the Prophets ordered that their hands and legs should be cut off and that their eyes should be branded with heated pieces of iron, and that their cut hands and legs should not be cauterized, till they die.
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 82, Number 792 The Prophet cut off the hand of a lady, and that lady used to come to me, and I used to convey her message to the Prophet and she repented, and her repentance was sincere.
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 81, Number 780 The Prophet said, “The hand should be cut off for stealing something that is worth a quarter of a Dinar or more.”
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 81, Number 774 The Prophet said, “Allah curses a man who steals an egg and gets his hand cut off, or steals a rope and gets his hands cut off.” Al-A'mash said, “People used to interpret the Baida as an iron helmet, and they used to think that the rope may cost a few dirhams.”
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 82, Number 795 The Prophet cut off the hands and feet of the men belonging to the tribe of 'Uraina and did not cauterise (their bleeding limbs) till they died.
Sunan Abu-Dawud Book 38, Number 4359 The verse “The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Apostle, and strive with might and main for mischief through the land is execution, or crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands and feet from opposite side or exile from the land...most merciful” was revealed about polytheists. If any of them repents before they are arrested, it does not prevent from inflicting on him the prescribed punishment which he deserves.
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 82, Number 796
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 82, Number 797
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 81, Number 778
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 81, Number 779
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 81, Number 781
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 81, Number 782
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 81, Number 783
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 81, Number 784
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 81, Number 785
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 81, Number 786
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 81, Number 787
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 81, Number 788
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 81, Number 789
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 81, Number 790
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 81, Number 791
Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 81, Number 793
Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 91, Number 368 I came and behold, Allah's Apostle was staying on a Mashroba (attic room) and a black slave of Allah's Apostle was at the top if its stairs. I said to him, “(Tell the Prophet) that here is 'Umar bin Al-Khattab (asking for permission to enter).” Then he admitted me.
Sunan Abu-Dawud Book 38, Number 4348
A blind man had a slave-mother who used to abuse the Prophet (peace_be_upon_him) and disparage him. He forbade her but she did not stop. He rebuked her but she did not give up her habit. One night she began to slander the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and abuse him. So he took a dagger, placed it on her belly, pressed it, and killed her. A child who came between her legs was smeared with the blood that was there. When the morning came, the Prophet (p.b.u.h) was informed about it.
He assembled the people and said: I adjure by Allah the man who has done this action and I adjure him by my right to him that he should stand up. Jumping over the necks of the people and trembling the man stood up.
He sat before the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and said: Apostle of Allah! I am her master; she used to abuse you and disparage you. I forbade her, but she did not stop, and I rebuked her, but she did not abandon her habit. I have two sons like pearls from her, and she was my companion. Last night she began to abuse and disparage you. So I took a dagger, put it on her belly and pressed it till I killed her.
Thereupon the Prophet (p.b.u.h) said: Oh be witness, no retaliation is payable for her blood.
Qur’an 4:24 Also (prohibited are) women already married, except those whom your right hands possess
Qur'an 33.50 O Prophet! We have made lawful to thee thy wives to whom thou hast paid their dowers; and those whom thy right hand possesses out of the prisoners of war whom Allah has assigned to thee; and daughters of thy paternal uncles and aunts, and daughters of thy maternal uncles and aunts, who migrated (from Makka) with thee; and any believing woman who dedicates her soul to the Prophet if the Prophet wishes to wed her;- this only for thee, and not for the Believers (at large); We know what We have appointed for them as to their wives and the captives whom their right hands possess;- in order that there should be no difficulty for thee. And Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.
See also section 34
Sahih Bukhari Volume 4, Book 52, Number 73 Allah's Apostle said, “Know that Paradise is under the shades of swords.”
Winston Churchill’s quote is from the book:
“The River War” (1899). The following online article quotes Churchill from “The River War”
Bibliography
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Note: Volume VII “The Foundation of the Community” Translated and annotated by W. Montgomery Watt & M. V. McDonald (1987)
Abu Muhammad bin al-Tabari (838?-923) The History of Al-Tabari (Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk) v.8. Albany NY: State University of New York Press (1997)
Note: Volume VIII “The Victory of Islam” Translated and annotated by Michael Fishbein (1997)
Ibn Hisham Abd al-Malik (834) The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq’s “Sirat Rasul Allah”. Lahore, Karachi, Pakistan Branch: London England: Oxford University Press [1967, 1955]
Note: Written by Ibn Ishaq (750), edited and abridged by Ibn Ibn Hisham Abd al-Malik (834), and translated by Alfred Guilaume (1955)
Molloy, Michael (2002, 1999) Experiencing the World’s Religions: Tradition, Challenge and Change (2nd ed.). United States: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
Muir, William, Sir (1877) The Life of Muhammad from Original Sources. London England: Edinburgh, J. Grant [1877].
The Qur’an. USC MSA (Muslim Students Association) Islamic server. Retrieved June 4, 2004 from the World Wide Web: http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/
Note: Translator’s versions, Ali Yusufali, Mohammed Marmaduke Pickthall, & Mahomodali H. Shakir.
Sahih al-Bukhari. USC MSA (Muslim Students Association) Islamic server. Retrieved June 4, 2004 from the World Wide Web: http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/
Sahih Muslim. USC MSA (Muslim Students Association) Islamic server. Retrieved June 4, 2004 from the World Wide Web: http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/muslim/
Sunan Abu-Dawud. USC MSA (Muslim Students Association) Islamic server. Retrieved June 4, 2004 from the World Wide Web: http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/abudawud/
Muhammad Husayn Haykal (1968) The Life of Muhammad (Translated by Isma’il Razi A. al-Faruqi). Retrieved June 4, 2004 from the World Wide Web: http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MH_LM/default.htm