1. Correctly order diagrams of the stages of meiosis.
2. Name the two men responsible for determining the structure of DNA.
3. What were the contributions of Franklin, Wilkins, Chargaff?
4. What is complementary base pairing and how does it work?
#5,6,7 refer to the Polytene Chromosome Squash Lab
5. What species was used for the polytene chromosome squash?
6. What stage of development of this organism was used?
7. What specific part of this species was used?
8. What is an amniocentesis and how is it done?
9. What is nondisjunction? How (and during what process) does
it occur?
10. What types of abnormalities can be determined by amniocentesis?
11. What is a karyotype? What is the normal karyotype of humans?
12. Describe each of the following disorders caused by chromosomal
mutations: Turner's Syndrome, Klinefelter's Syndrome, Down's
Syndrome.
13. Describe replication. Where does the molecule separate?
14. What is a nucleotide?
15. Where is the information (code) in the DNA molecule?
16. What is transcription? What molecule is made? What
is a codon?
17. What is translation? What RNA molecule brings the amino acid
to the ribosome? What is an anticodon?
18. How is RNA different from DNA? (3 things)
19. In what organisms does this hereditary system work?
20. How many bases are in a codon? Anticodon?
21. How many amino acids are used in protein synthesis?
22. How many kinds of proteins are there? (1's, 10's, 100's,
1000's?)
23. Where does protein synthesis occur?
24. What RNA base replaces thymine?
25. Who is responsible for describing the basic laws of heredity?
26. What is a dominant gene? A recessive gene? An allele?
27. What is a genotype? A phenotype?
28. If G = green and g = yellow, what color is GG? Gg?
gg?
29. Which genotypes in # 28 are homozygous? Heterozygous?
30. What is a Punnet square? What information can you determine
using a Punnet Square? What information must you have to use a Punnet
Square?
32. What is a mutation?
33. What is a sex-linked disease? How many genes must a female
have in order to have a sex-linked disease? A male?
34. What is the genetic cause of each of the following disorders?
(sex-linked, autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant) : ALD
(Lorenzo's disease), Huntington's, Tay Sachs, Cystic Fibrosis,
Muscular Dystrophy, Hemophilia, Marfan's.
35. List the symptoms and any other important characteristics of the
disorders in # 34.
36. Who is at risk for having children with a genetic disorder?
37. What is gel electrophoresis? What materials and equipment
are needed for this technique?
38. Why does separation occur in the agarose gel? What types
of molecules travel the farthest distance? Shortest?
39. What is the charge on DNA? Toward what pole is it attracted?
40. What chemicals are used to cut up DNA? Give examples.
41. Determine where a specific restriction enzyme will cut a piece
of DNA. (When given the cut sites for the restriction
enzyme / endonuclease.)
42. How do restriction enzymes work? Why is this important when
working with DNA from different sources? What is recombinant
DNA?
43. What is DNA fingerprinting? A DNA profile? How can
these be used to determine paternity or criminal identities?
44. What is the PCR reaction? Why is this important in DNA fingerprinting?
How was this important in identifying the remains of Jesse
James?
46. What is mitochondrial DNA? How was this used to identify
the remains of Jesse James?
46. What is the "ori" on the plasmid and why is it important?
47. Who was the first director of the Human Genome Project (HGP)?
48. What are the major objectives of the HGP?
49. What are some of the moral / ethical implications of the HGP?
# 50 - 59 Refer to the Bacterial Transformation Lab (We just talked
about it; did not DO it.)
50. What is a plasmid?
51. What is transformation? What was Griffith's contribution?
52. What is a microliter (ml)? A micropipettor?
53. What are competent cells?
55. How did we pick out bacteria that had been transformed?
57. What is an antibiotic? What kind of organism does it work
on?
58. If a bacteria is resistant to an antibiotic, can the bacteria grow
in the presence of that antibiotic?
59. Briefly describe the use of a micropipettor and a microcentrifuge.