GEOGRAPHY
1.MAN MADE RESOURCES ?
A (1)MATERIALS OR SUBSTANCES MADE BY MAN TO FULFILL HIS NEEDS ARE CALLED MAN MADE OR CULTURAL RESOURCES.(2) THEY INCLUDE TOOLS IMPLEMENTS MACHINES, MEANS OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION, BUILDINGS, MONUMENTS, ART AND ARTWORK, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AS WELL AS SOCIAL CULTURAL, ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. (3) MAN HIMSELF IS A RESOURCE BECAUSE OF HIS QUALITIES LIKE INTELLIGENCE, IMAGINATION, KNOWLEDGE, FORESIGHT, DECISION-MAKING POWER, SKILLS, ETC. WHICH ARE ESSENTIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES.
2. SEX RATIO OF POPULATION IN INDIA ?
A THE SEX RATION INDICATES THE NUMBERS OF FEMALES PER 1000 MALES. ACCORDING TO THE 2001 CENSUS, THE SEX RATIO IN INDIA IS 933. A GENERAL TREND OF FALL IN THE NUMBER OF FEMALES IS FOUND IN THE INDIAN POPULATION ONLY IN KERALA AND POND CHERRY THERE ARE MORE FEMALES THEN MALES. IN INDIA THE LOWEST SEX RATIO AMONG THE STATES IS FOUND IN HARIYANA.
3. THE GROWTH RATE OF POPULATION IS HIGH IN INDIA ?
A DURING THE LAST HUNDRED YEARS THE BIRTH RATE IN INDIA HAS NOT DECLINED MUCH . ON THE OTHER HAND, THERE HAS BEEN A SUBSTANTIAL DECREASE IN THE DEATH RATE DUE TO (1) THE ERADICATION OF EPIDEMICS (2) THE AVAILABILITY OF VARIOUS DISEASES AND (3) THE IMPROVEMENT IN THE STANDARD OF LIVING. THESE ARE THE MAIN REASONS FOR THE HIGH GROWTH RATE OF POPULATION IN INDIA. THE GROWTH RATE OF POPULATION WAS 2.1% PER YEAR DURING THE PERIOD 1991-2001.
4. MOST OF THE MIGRATION TAKES PLACE FROM RURAL TO URBAN AREAS IN INDIA ?
A IN INDIA THE RURAL ECONOMY IS MUCH DEPENDENT ON AGRICULTURE, WHERE TOO MANY PEOPLE ARE IN EXCESS . SO THERE IS A DEARTH OF JOB OPPORTUNITIES IN RURAL AREAS . EDUCATIONAL AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES IS POOR IN VILLAGES AND BETTER JOB OPPORTUNITIES IN TOWNS. THERE IS A CRAZE FOR CITY LIFE HENCE MOSTLY PEOPLE ARE GOING TO RURAL TO URBAN AREAS IN INDIA.
5. OVER POPULATION IS AN OBSTACLE TO THE PROGRESS OF THE NATION ?
A OVER POPULATION REDUCES THE CAPACITY OF THE COUNTRY TO PROVIDE THE BASIC AMENITIES TO THE PEOPLE. AS THE POPULATION INCREASES THE DEMAND FOR REQUIREMENTS ALSO INCREASES. IF MORE RESOURCES ARE NOT AVAILABLE IT LEADS TO SCARCITY LOWER STANDARD OF LIVING AND INCREASES IN POVERTY AND PRIVATIZATION THUS THUS OVER POPULATION IS AN OBSTACLE TO THE PROGRESS OF THE NATION.
6. SOURCE OF GROUND WATER ?
A WELLS AND TUBE-WELLS ARE GROUND WATER SOURCES IN INDIA ABOUT 61% OF THE TOTAL IRRIGATED AREAS IS IRRIGATED BY WELLS AND TUBE-WELLS. THEIR USE HAS BECOME POPULAR IN THE AREAS WHERE GROUND WATER RESERVES ARE LARGE AND CANALS ARE LESS . THE NUMBERS OF WELLS IS VERY LARGE IN GUJARAT, MAHARASHTRA , PUNJAB ,RAJASTHAN AND UTTAR PRADESH.
7. LIFT IRRIGATION ?
A IN LIFT IRRIGATION THE WATER IN A RIVER IS LIFTED BY A PUMP . THE AREA UNDER LIFE IRRIGATION IS ONLY 5%OF TOTAL IRRIGATED AREA. THE USE OF LIFT IRRIGATION HAS INCREASED IN EASTERN PART LIFT IRRIGATION IS COSTLY SO IT IS IMPLEMENTED ON CO-OPERATIVE LEVEL ONLY.
8. HIRAKUND PROJECT ?
A THE HIRAKUND PROJECT IS DEVELOPED ON THE RIVER MAHANADI TO THE WEST OF SAMBALPUR IN ORISSA. IN ADDITION TO HIRAKUND TWO DAMS ARE ALSO BUILT AT TIKARPARA AND NARAJ ON THE MAHANADI. HYDROELECTRICITY IS GENERATED AT HIRAKUND. THE OBJECTIVES OF CONTROLLING THE FLOODS OF THE MAHANADI AND ITS TRIBUTARIES AND SUPPLYING WATER FOR IRRIGATION HAVE ALSO BEEN ACHIEVED. THUS THIS IS A PROJECT OF GREAT IMPORTANCE TO ORISSA.
9. THE MONSOON RAINFALL IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF WATER IN INDIA
A THE MONSOON RAINFALL IS THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF WATER IN INDIA. THIS WATER IS AVAILABLE AS SURFACE WATER IN THE FORM OF RIVERS AND LAKES OR AS GROUND WATER THROUGH WELLS AND TUBE WELLS. TO CONSERVE THE RAIN WATER , DAMS SHOULD BE BUILT. ACROSS LARGE RIVERS. SIMILARARLY TANKS AND LAKES SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED IN DEPRESSIONS TO STORE RAIN WATER.
10 LARGE PROJECT ARE MULTIPURPOSE PROJECTS ?
A LARGE PROJECT ON RIVERS INVOLVE VERY HIGH EXPENDITURE. SO THEY ARE CONSTRUCTED FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES. THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF A LARGE PROJECT IS TO DAM A RIVER AND SUPPLY ITS WATER FOR IRRIGATION THROUGH CANALS. THE OTHER OBJECTIVES CONTROLLING FLOODS GENERATED HYDROELECTRICITY SUPPLYING WATER TO CITIES, TOWNS AND INDUSTRIES, DEVELOPING TOURIST PLACES AND REST HOUSES. THUS LARGE PROJECT ARE MULTIPURPOSE PROJECTS.
11 CANAL IRRIGATION IS PRACTICED ON A LARGE SCALE IN PUNJAB AND HARIYANA ?
A PUNJAB AND HARIYANA ARE MOSTLY LOW RAIN FALL AREAS THE DEFICIT OF RAIN WATER IS MADE UP BY CANAL WATER OF RIVERS LIKE RAVI, BEAS AND SATLUJ. THERE ARE LARGE NUMBERS OF CANAL DRAWN ON MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT LIKE BHAKRA-NANGAL. SO, CANAL IRRIGATION IS PRACTICED ON A LARGE SCALE IN PUNJAB AND HARIYANA.
12. RESERVED FORESTS?
A THESE FORESTS ARE PERMANENTLY RESERVED FOR OBTAINING TIMBER AND OTHER PRODUCTS GRAZING ANIMALS AND FARMING ARE SELDOM ALLOWED THERE. THEY OCCUPY 55% OF THE TOTAL FOREST AREA IN INDIA.
13. DISTRIBUTION OF FORESTS IN INDIA?
A DISTRIBUTION OF FORESTS IN INDIA IS VERY UNEVEN (1) FORESTS COVER NEARLY 87% OF THE TOTAL LAND AREA IN ANDAMAN AND NICO BAR ISLAND, WHILE HARIYANA HAS ONLY 4% OF ITS AREA UNDER FORESTS. (2) AT PRESENT, GOA, HIMACHAL PRADESH, ARUNACHAL PRADESH, NAGALAND, MANIPUR, TRIPURA, MIZORAM AND ANDAMAN AND NICO BAR ISLANDS HAVE MORE THAN 45% OF THEIR AREA UNDER FOREST. (3) UTTARAKHAND, SIKKIM, ASSAM, MAGHALAYA, JARKHAND, ORISSA, CHHATTISAGARH, MADYA PRADESH AND KERALA HAVE A FOREST COVER OF 31 TO 45%.
14 CONSERVATION OF FORESTERS?
A FOREST IS A RENEWABLE RESOURCE, BUT IT TAKES QUITE A LONG TIME TO RENEW IT. SO, IT IS NECESSARY TO CONSERVE FORESTS FOR MAINTAINING THE ECOLOGICAL BALANCE. GOVERNMENT IS TAKING VARIOUS MEASURES LIKE PREVENTION OF UNLAWFUL WOODCUTTING , IMPLEMENTATION OF LAND USE POLICE FOR ENCOURAGING THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORESTS, COOPERATION OF FOREST FIRES. OUR NATIONS FOREST POLICE SHOULD BE IMPLEMENTED TO CONSERVE FOREST.
15. PRODUCTS OF FORESTS?
A (1)FOREST TREES LIKE TEAK, DEODAR, SAL , ETC GIVE US TIMBER FOR BUILDINGS, FURNITURE AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL USES. (2) THEY GIVE US MANY PRODUCTS LIKE MEDICINE HERBS, BAMBOO, CANE, LAC, RESIN, GUM, HONEY, ETC. (3) THEY PROVIDE FODDER FOR ANIMALS.(4) THEY ARE THE MAIN SOURCE OF FUEL IN THE RURAL AREAS WHERE OTHER FUELS ARE NOT AVAILABLE.